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Culture Vocab Chart Word Definition formulate Example manner of speaking Set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols used for communication. Form of communication used amongst good deal. English cutBengali Standard spoken splattering to Variant of lyric poem that a countrys people seek to use in schools, media, government, and so on Used for official government business, education, and mass communications. English in AmericaFrench in FranceEnglish in Canada Dialects Local or regional characteristics of language Has different pronunciation and distinctive grammar ad vocab South Yall trade union You guys South Fixin to northwest About to Isogloss Geographic boundary within which linguistic feature occurs separates regions in which different languages exist Ossetia -European usual Intelligibility Ability of 2 people to understand each other when speaking Understanding what somevirtuoso else speaks tag understand what Billy says. Language families Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant fountain Languages that came from same root language Indo European Sound Shift Slight change in tidings across languages within subfamily or thorough language family Change of language that affect pronunciation Proto-Indo-European lingual hypothesis proposing existence of an ancestral Indo European language dwelling of ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which link modern languages. Scandinavia to North Africa and North America through parts of Asia to Australia Backward Reconstruction Tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants reluctant toward original language passage backward to original language milk in English, melk in Dutch, milche in German. Extinct Language Language without any native speakers Language not spoken anymore Latin, Gothic, Hebraic Deep Reconstruction Technique using vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create language that preceded it. Going back to a languages preceded language milk in English, melk in Dutch, milche in German Nostratic Language believed to be the ancestral language of Proto Indo Europeans Also for the Kartvelian languages of the southern Caucasus regions Hungarian, Finnish Language unlikeness Opposite of language convergence Process that German linguist August Schleicher suggested languages are formed when language breaks into dialects due to lack of spatial interaction French spoken in France is now different from the French spoken in Quebec. Language Convergence Opposite of language divergence collapsing of two languages into superstar Results from concordant spatial interaction of people with different languages Balkans where different languages (such as Greek, Albanian, Romania, Bulgarian) all share certain features of grammar Renfrew supposition Developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew. Said that 3 areas in and near first farming(a) hearth, Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families. Europes Indo European languages, North African and Arabian languages, and languages in present day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Anatolia (Turkey), Western arc of Fertile Crescent, Eastern arc of Fertile Crescent. success theory Major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused to Europe Early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, and started diffusions of European salivas. Modern day Ukraine. Commodification Process in which something is given monetary value Good or base is turned into something that has circumstance value and can be traded in market economy. Chicken used to be expensive, and only for special occasions.With battery farming, chicken meat has become a commodity. Monolingual States Countries in which one language is spoken These are countries with only one official language Japan (Japanese) Official Language Language selected often by educated and politically powerful elite To promote internal cohesion, normally language used in courts and government. America EnglishFr ance FrenchMexico Spanish Toponym Place name Word coined in association with the name of a holding. New York = From the Duke of York, Nova Scotia = New Scotland, New Jersey = from the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel Secularism Ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth not to accommodate prescriptions of a deity and promise of comfortable afterlife America Monotheistic Religion one(a) supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in universe Is the picture in the existence of one god or in the oneness of god. Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. Polytheistic Religion quintuple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in universe Belief in more than one god Hinduism, Buddhism, Wicca Animistic Religion Inanimate objects possess souls Can help or hinder benignant efforts on Earth Shintoism, Animism. Universalizing Religion Belief that there is one true godliness that is universal in scope Re ligion that wants to take over world Islam and Christianity ethnical Religion Religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct group of people. Dont actively seek converts through missionary work Judaism, Hinduism flirt Languages Languages that lay in areas those were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed. cerebrate languages derived fromVulgar Latin and forming a subgroup of theItalic languageswithin theIndo-Europeanlanguage family. French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese. Germanic Languages Languages that reflect magnification of people out of Northern Europe to west and south Sub-branch of theIndo-Europeanlanguage family. English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish. Slavic Languages Languages veritable as Slavic people migrated from base in present day Ukraine Close to 2000 years past Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Bulgarian Lingua Franca Tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consist ed of mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and some Arabic. frequent language, language used among speakers of different languages for purpose of trade and commerce. English Pidgin Language Parts of two or more languages are combined in simplified structure and vocabulary Simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. Name of the Creole languageTok Pisinderives from the English wordstalk pidgin. Creole Language Language that began as pidgin language Later adopted as mother tongue by people in place of mother tongue. Cultural Landscape Visible imprint of military personnel activity and goal on landscape Imprinted on landscape by the activities of various human occupants Building, forms, and artifacts Placelessness expiration of uniqueness of place One place looks like the next Association of Manchester with a distinctive path of music and club culture is relatively recent. Intrafaith b oundaries Boundaries within the same faith A major religions boundaries Sunni & ShiiteCatholic & Protestant Interfaith boundaries Boundaries between different religion Major religions boundaries Muslims & Christians. Religious fundamentalism Religious suit whose objectives are to return to the foundations of faith and to influence state policy A commonlyreligious sweat or point of view characterized by a return to fundamental principles Protestantcommunity in theUnited Statesin the early20th century Sharia laws System of Islamic law, some clock called Quranic law. impertinent most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Sharia is based on interpretation Women must wear a hijab at all times, or else they will be lapidate to death Jihad Doctrine within Islam, commonly translated as Holy War Personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to religious standards defense of religion when attacked with ravening wars of conquest and expansion Fol k culture Cultural traits such ad dress mode, dwellings, and tradition Institutions of usually small, traditional communities. Amish Popular culture Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify Part of directlys changeable, urban-bases, media-influenced western societies. 2chainz, skinny jeans, Christmas tree Local culture Group of people in particular place who see themselves as a collective or community Share experiences, customs, and traits, work to spare those traits and customs Hutterites in North America Material culture Art, housing, clothing, sports dances, foods and other similar items Constructed or created by a group of people Eating curry, wearing a kimono Nonmaterial culture Beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people Not constructed or created by a group of people Praying five times a day, French is spoken in France Hierarchical diffusion Idea or innovation spreads by passing first among most connected places or people Leapfrogg ing of innovations over wide areas, with geographic surpass a less important influence Spread of fashion spreads from level to nest level Hearth Area where idea or cultural trait originates Place of origin Hearth of corn was from Mexico engage People lose originality differentiating traits when they come into contact with another culture Used to describe immigrant adaption to new places of planetary house Mexican teens start acting/dressing more American after they move here. Custom convention routinely followed by a group of people Another word is tradition Taking your office off before going into a house. Cultural Appropriation Culture adopts ustoms and knowledge from other cultures Uses them for their unadoptable in that particular culture Native American dream catchers adopted by USA and exchange in stores Neolocalism Seeking out of regional culture and reinvigoration of it In response to uncertainty of the modern world. Ethnic neighborhood Situated in larger metr opolitan city and constructed by a local culture In which local culture can practice its customs Little Haiti in Santa Domingo Hinduism One of oldest religions in modern world, originating in Indus River Valley Doesnt have a single founder, single theology, or agreement on its origins. Buddhism Enlightenment would come through knowledge, no greed, craving, or desire. Complete honesty. Splintered from Hinduism as reaction to tight social hierarchy by Hinduism Caste system Strict social segregation of people tush of ancestry and occupation Indias Hindu society Shintoism Religion located in Japan and tie in to Buddhism Focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship Taoism Religion founded Lao Tsu and based on keep of the Way Proper form of political rule on the oneness of humanity and nature Judaism grow and teachings of Abraham, uniting his people to worship only one god Jews worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews Diaspora Force ful or voluntary dispersal of people from homeland to new place Population dispersal or involuntary relocation Jews during the Holocaust Zionism Movement to unite the Jews of the Diaspora Establish a national homeland for them in the promised land. Sunni Adherents to largest branch of Islam, believe in value of family and community in dissolver of lifes problem Differ from Shiites in accepting the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative. Shiite Also known as Shiahs, represent Persian variation of Islam Believe in infallibility and divine right to authority of descendants of Ali. expedition Voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site Pay respect or participate in a ritual at the site Hajj Hajj Muslim excursion to Mecca Birthplace of Muhammad Authenticity Accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast conveys Otherwise kinetics and complex local culture or its customs Distance decay Effects of distance on interaction Greater the distance the less interaction Mexican would be closer to American than Russian Time-space compression Social and psychological effects of living in a world which t-s convergence has cursorily reached high intensity Associated with work of David Harvey Genocide systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation Planned elimination of a group of people Jews during the Holocaust