Enigmatic Lights On The Moon :: essays research papers

Enigmatic lights seen on the Moon are a classic example of a Fortean enigma. Called transient lunar phenomena (TLP), they have been a brain-teaser and a source of wonder to skywatchers since the earliest times. And yet, as astronomer Peter Grego points out, despite a wealth of detailed observations we seem no closer to an dread of what these anomalous flashes are.Not long after the telescope was invented at the beginning of the 17th century, astronomers came to realise that the Moon, our only natural major planet, was not as dynamic a world as the Earth. The dark lunar tracts which early astronomers had somewhat optimistically called "maria" (seas) turned out to be nothing more than deceptively quiet plains of impregnableified lava. Much to astronomers disappointment it became apparent that there were no appreciable expanses of water, though the new romantic marine nomenclature was retained, regardless - names alike Mare Crisium (the Sea of Crises) and Oceanus Procella rum (the Ocean of Storms) were given in a vain attempt to grant the Moon an air of mystery and excitement.In reality, the Moons surface appeared solid and unchanging. The Moon possessed no appreciable atmosphere and there were no detectable signs of lunar life the Church breathed a sigh of relief, having been spared the confusion of attempting to explain why the book of Genesis forgot to mention that our sister planet was teeming with the products of DNA.This initial im closetion of the Moon as being a nude and entirely dead world has been propagated in the astronomical literature ever since Galileo first published his observations in 1610.2 It seems, however, that the Moon has been receiving unjustifiably bad astronomical press for nearly three centuries, for reports of its long-standing status rigor mortis have been greatly exaggerated. Lunar observers (mainly amateurs) have noticed that the Moons surface is occasionally host to anomalous transient lunar phenomena (TLP) which ha ve assumed a variety of forms, including isolated flashes or pulses of light, coloured glows and obscurations of portions of the lunar surface. Just why the science of astronomy has been unwilling to accept that our satellite occasionally displays obvious signs of activity is almost as big a mystery as TLP themselves.There is no shortage of TLP having been observed by respectable astronomers. William Herschel, one of historys greatest astronomers - he discovered the planet Uranus in 1781 - observed a red glow in the vicinity of the crater Aristarchus on 4 May 1783, at a time when that feature was situated on the unilluminated lunar hemisphere.

Comparing Nature in Wordsworth’s Ruined Cottage, and Coleridge’s Rime o

Comparing the Representation of Nature in Wordsworths Ruined Cottage, and Coleridges Rime of the Ancient Mariner For most poets of the Romantic Age, nature played an invaluable role in their works. Mans existence could be moved(p) and explained by the presence and portrayal of the external nature surrounding it. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are no different from the other Romantic poets, and their works abound with references to nature and its correlational statistics to humanity. Specifically, Wordsworths The Ruined Cottage and Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner share the theme of nature affecting man, although essential differences exist in their ideas regarding how it affects man. These twain works are also similar in that they use a storyteller frame to both deliver and reinforce these ideas. In order for the contributor to fully appreciate the representation of nature in these two particular poems, it is necessary to supply a little background on each poet. Wordsworth reigns domineering in the nature tradition. His poetry makes tribute to nature in conjunction with examining the human state, while maintaining that the relationship between the two is unbreakable. In his book position Poetry of the Romantic Period, critic J.R. Watson claims the finest of Wordsworths nature poetry explores the relationship between man and the world seen in the spirit of love, in the attempt to demonstrate the government agency of nature in the rescuing of the individual mind from degradation, materialism, selfishness, and despair (114). Crediting nature with the answer to life, Wordsworths philosophy reveals that there can be no greater impartiality than that found in the simplicity of nature. He pulls from ... ...ompany, Inc., 2000. 422-38.Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Biographia Literaria. The Norton Anthology of slope Literature The Romantic Period. seventh ed. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 468-486.Harding, D. W. The Theme of The Ancient Mariner. Coleridge A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Kathleen Coburn. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967. 51-64.Watson, J.R. English Poetry of the Romantic Period. New York Longman, Inc. 1985.Wordsworth, William. The Ruined Cottage. The Norton Anthology of English Literature The Romantic Period. 7th ed. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 259-70.Wordsworth, William. Preface to Lyrical Ballads. The Norton Anthology of English Literature The Romantic Period. 7th ed. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 238-251.

The Oppression of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper -- The Yellow W

The Oppression of Women receptive in The discolour Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman is remembered today principally for her feminist work The color Wallpaper. It dramatizes her biography and her experience with Dr. S. Weir Mitchells now infamous rest cure. Comm nevertheless appointed for women suffering from hysteria, the rest cure altogether forbade comp each, art, writing, or any other form of intellectual stimulation. When Mitchell prescribed this for Gilman, he told her to dwell a domestic life as far as possible, to have but two hours intellectual life a day, and never to touch pen, brush or pencil again as long as I lived (Why I Wrote . . . n.p.). It nearly drove her insane. She began to recover only when she returned to her art and writing, and subsequently wrote The yellowish Wallpaper to alert others to the perils of the rest cure and its attempt to break creativity. It raises the question, stated by Conrad Shumaker, What happens to the imagination when its defin ed as powder-puff (and thus weak) and has to face a society that values the useful and the practical and rejects anything else as buncombe? (590). The answer provided by Gilman is that it becomes uncontrollable and has the potential to destroy a persons sanity. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator suffers from postpartum depression, diagnosed by her husband John as hysteria. He recommends the rest cure for her and arranges for them to spend the summer in a country mansion. Although his wife wants to take a downstairs room which opens out into the garden, John forces her to live upstairs in a nursery with barred windows and hideous yellow wallpaper. She is not permitted to write, except for a journal which she keeps surreptitiously, an... ...William Day, and Sandra Waller. New York Addison Wesley Longman, 1997. 299-312. Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper. The Forerunner October 1913 n.p. Golden, Catherine. The Writing of The Yellow Wallpaper A Double Palimpsest. Studies in Amer ican Fiction 17 (1989) 198-201. Johnson, Greg. Gilmans Gothic Allegory Rage and Redemption in The Yellow Wallpaper. Studies in Short Fiction 26 (1989) 521-30. Kasmer, Lisa Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper A Symptomatic Reading. Literature and Psychology 36.3 (1990) 1-15. MacPike, Loralee. Environment as Psychopathological Symbolism in The Yellow Wallpaper. American Literary Realism 8 (1975) 286-88. Shumaker, Conrad. Too frightfully Good to be Printed Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper. American Literature 57 (1985) 588-99. The Oppression of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper -- The Yellow WThe Oppression of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman is remembered today principally for her feminist work The Yellow Wallpaper. It dramatizes her life and her experience with Dr. S. Weir Mitchells now infamous rest cure. Commonly prescribed for women suffering from hysteria, the rest cure altogether forbade company, ar t, writing, or any other form of intellectual stimulation. When Mitchell prescribed this for Gilman, he told her to live a domestic life as far as possible, to have but two hours intellectual life a day, and never to touch pen, brush or pencil again as long as I lived (Why I Wrote . . . n.p.). It nearly drove her insane. She began to recover only when she returned to her art and writing, and subsequently wrote The Yellow Wallpaper to alert others to the perils of the rest cure and its attempt to stifle creativity. It raises the question, stated by Conrad Shumaker, What happens to the imagination when its defined as feminine (and thus weak) and has to face a society that values the useful and the practical and rejects anything else as nonsense? (590). The answer provided by Gilman is that it becomes uncontrollable and has the potential to destroy a persons sanity. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator suffers from postpartum depression, diagnosed by her husband John as hysteria. He recommends the rest cure for her and arranges for them to spend the summer in a country mansion. Although his wife wants to take a downstairs room which opens out into the garden, John forces her to live upstairs in a nursery with barred windows and hideous yellow wallpaper. She is not permitted to write, except for a journal which she keeps surreptitiously, an... ...William Day, and Sandra Waller. New York Addison Wesley Longman, 1997. 299-312. Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper. The Forerunner October 1913 n.p. Golden, Catherine. The Writing of The Yellow Wallpaper A Double Palimpsest. Studies in American Fiction 17 (1989) 198-201. Johnson, Greg. Gilmans Gothic Allegory Rage and Redemption in The Yellow Wallpaper. Studies in Short Fiction 26 (1989) 521-30. Kasmer, Lisa Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper A Symptomatic Reading. Literature and Psychology 36.3 (1990) 1-15. MacPike, Loralee. Environment as Psychopathological Symbolism in The Yellow Wallpaper. American L iterary Realism 8 (1975) 286-88. Shumaker, Conrad. Too Terribly Good to be Printed Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper. American Literature 57 (1985) 588-99.

Galileo: Scientist, Scholar, Rebel Essay -- essays research papers

Seventeenth-century European study was controlled by two powerful forces the popish Catholic Church, headed by the Pope, and ancient philosophy dominated by the 2000-year-old ideas of the Greek philosopher, Aristotle. The Church had an overwhelming influence on the lives of most Europeans. During Galileos time wiz in twelve people living in Rome was either a cleric or a nun.1 The Church forbid any teach that deviated from what was taught in the Bible. To enforce this control, the Church set up the Inquisition. Galileo was targeted by the Inquisition for his observations and experiments. 2 Because his teachings differed from the socially accepted ideas of Aristotle, the Inquisition believed he should be persecuted. Even though Galileos observations were much more(prenominal) factual than Aristotles and, more important, backed up by experiments and the use of the telescope, he was still sentenced to house arrest for life. Galileo Galilei was born(p) on February 15, 1564, in Pisa Italy.3 Galileo was born into a family considered nobility, and his capture, Vincenzo Galilei, was an accomplished musician.4 Galileo was tutored privately and also educated by his father until the age of eleven, when his family moved to Florence and sent him to a Jesuitical monastery to study medicine.5 Three years after his son began instill, Vincenzo was surprised to learn Galileo had decided to become a monk. Somewhat angered, his father withdrew him from the monastery, and Galileo continued his high school education in Florence. At age seventeen Galileo began college at the University of Pisa, where he reluctantly studied medicine. 6 Throughout his first term attending the university, Galileo became more interested in mathematics than medicine. A court mathematician, by the name of Ostillo Ricci, notice Galileo in his lectures.7 Impressed with Galileos knowledge, he urged Galileo change his major to mathematics. Against his fathers wishes, Galileo changed courses, and by th e end of his first term he was a mathematics undergraduate.8 Galileo made his first important discovery while attending the University of Pisa. Galileo noticed a swinging lamp above him during a church sermon. Extremely bored, Galileo conducted an experiment to see if the amount of time in between each swing was the same. victimization hi... ...i. School of Mathmatics and St. Andrews, Scotland, August 1995 available from http//www.history.mcs.standrews.ac.uk/history/mathmatics/galileo.htmlInternet. 4 ibid.5 Ibid.6 Ibid.7 Jack Meadows, The Great Scientists. Oxford University New York, 1987, p. 35. 8 Deborah Hitzeroth and Sharon Heerbor, Galileo Galilei. Lucent Books Inc California, 1992, p.15.9 Ibid., p.16.10 J.V. Field, Galileo Galilei. School of Mathmatics and St. Andrews, Scotland, August 1995 available from http//www.history.mcs.standrews.ac.uk/history/mathmatics/galileo.htmlInternet.11 Ibid.12 Galileo Galilei- Astrology. Available from http//www.astrology.about.com/library/week ly/aa0zz00b.13 Ibid.14 Ibid.17 Ibid.18 Jack Meadows, The Great Scientists. Oxford University New York, 1987, p.41.19 Deborah Hitzeroth and Sharon Heerbor, Galileo Galilei. Lucent Books Inc California, 1992, p.24.20 Jack Meadows, The Great Scientists. Oxford University New York, 1987, p.44.21 Ibid., p.45.22 Giorgio De Santillan, The Crimes of Galileo. Time Inc University of Chicago Press, 1962, p.185.23 Ibid., p.257. 24 Ibid. 25 Jack Meadows, The Great Scientists. Oxford University New York, 1987, p.48.26 Ibid

You are My One and Only :: Love Letters Dating Email Relationships

Dear Jen,At the moment, I am sitting present thinking of you and everything that we have been through. I would say that I have no idea how we have made it this far, if I did not believe in in that location being one person that you are destined to be with, but I do. We have had our share of ups and downs, plus so much more. Things have happened to us that we can truly say no one else has had to go through, but regardless we made it through.When we first met I did not know how to trust anymore. The feeling of life had been taken from me, but somehow you helped me find it again. At the time we met, I was going through some hard times, but when others turned their backs on me, you stood by my side. You were determined to be there for me and for that I thank God every day that he sent you to me. If I would have known that when I told about my past you would be there to help me through it, then I would have told you a long time ago.I know that I start things between us a lot of the tim e, but even you know why. You know that it took a lot for me to trust you, but now I do. I am so happy that you are still here with me, being patient, and still by my side. So many passel say that I will not make it far in life, but they do not understand me, let alone know me. So many of those people do not know how hard you push me to make something of myself. In the past, I honestly believed that I would not make it anywhere, but now I know that as long as I am happy and still alive, with you by my side I am doing great and can progress to anything.Every day that I wake up and every night before I fall asleep, I thank God that we met, because without you I would be nothing. Through the hard times you have held my hand, through the rough times you have held me close to you, and through the ups and downs you have stayed by my side. What else could I ask for? When I am sick you tuck me in. You have brought back the person that everyone loved and have helped me learn to be the pers on I always wanted and knew I could be.

You are My One and Only :: Love Letters Dating Email Relationships

Dear Jen,At the moment, I am sitting here(predicate) thinking of you and everything that we have been through. I would say that I have no idea how we have made it this far, if I did not believe in there being one person that you are destined to be with, further I do. We have had our share of ups and downs, plus so much more. Things have happened to us that we can truly say no one else has had to go through, entirely regardless we made it through.When we first met I did not know how to trust anymore. The spirit of life had been taken from me, but somehow you helped me find it again. At the metre we met, I was going through some hard measure, but when others turned their backs on me, you stood by my side. You were determined to be there for me and for that I thank paragon every day that he sent you to me. If I would have known that when I told about my past you would be there to help me through it, therefore I would have told you a long time ago.I know that I start things betwee n us a lot of the time, but take down you know why. You know that it took a lot for me to trust you, but now I do. I am so glad that you are still here with me, being patient, and still by my side. So many people say that I will not make it far in life, but they do not understand me, let alone know me. So many of those people do not know how hard you push me to make something of myself. In the past, I honestly believed that I would not make it anywhere, but now I know that as long as I am happy and still alive, with you by my side I am doing great and can achieve anything.Every day that I wake up and every wickedness before I fall asleep, I thank God that we met, because without you I would be nothing. Through the hard times you have held my hand, through the rough times you have held me close to you, and through the ups and downs you have stayed by my side. What else could I ask for? When I am sick you tuck me in. You have brought back the person that everyone love and have helped me learn to be the person I always wanted and knew I could be.

Black Boy Essay

Most African American families in the southbound were refuse class and committed dangerous acts to survive, Richard suffered pauperisation and hunger experiences that later became themes of his work. He would have to wait a long period of time in the lead food was available for him, Youll have to wait till I spend a penny a job to buy food. The lower class did desperate things to get money Richard sneak into saloons and begs for pennies and drinks.Many African Americans suffered horribly from poverty, My mothers suffering grew into a symbol, gathering to itself all the poverty, the ignorance, the helplessness, the pain, hunger ridden days and hours. The Jim Crow South brought many adversities for Blacks and poverty was a major character of that. Poverty not only took away the physical things in their lives, but also it took away from their internal selves as humanity beings.The things they had in their lives that they were deprived of, did not mean as much to them as losing wh o they are as a person, I would send other words to tell, to march, to fight, to take a sense of the hunger of life that gnaws in us all, to keep alive in our hearts a sense of the inexpressibly human. Racism in the Jim Crow South was brutal, unnecessary, and in about cases fatal. Racism in the United States South was a major theme, and impacted the life of Richard both in a positive and prohibit way.The only positive aspect of it was that he and many other African Americans overcame it and helped them become better people. In most cases racism abnormal lives in a negative way. Most African Americans were both physically and mentally pushed to their limit and caused permanent scars in their lives, Having been thrust out of the world because of my race, I had accepted my destiny by not being curious about what shaped it, The quote by Richard shows the racism was present and unfair, you can still head for the hills on and not let it be damaging to your daily lives and emotions.Ri chard experienced many abusive events resulting from racism, He experienced some of the most severe abuses of racial oppression in Mississippi. African Americans have the theory that White people are dangerous and not to be trusted, the Jim Crow South was a system of racial segregation practiced in some states of the US, and it gave whites a reason to treat Blacks as second class citizens. Richard falls into a course of instruction of Black youth who fears the White community and has a hard time interacting with them, Richard feels psychological tension around Whites.The major reason why Richard is a part of the Great Migration and fled North is because of racism. The segregation Blacks had to deal with also took away many educational opportunities, No education could alter what the meaning of living, came only when one was struggle. Racism took away many privileges and rights away from Blacks. Many African Americans in the South moved north for better opportunities, and this vast moment was known as the Great Migration.It was hard for many African Americans to leave the South because that was the only life they knew, Nine out of ten African Americans lived in the American South in 1900, by 1930, 3 in 10 lived outside the house. Richard Wrights Black Boy shows how racism destroyed the lives of many African Americans, but for some it did just the opposite, as for Richard it drove him to be the successful writer he is today. Violence affected African American youth in a negative way, and it varied how they let it affect the rest of their lives.Poverty took a major toll on the lives of African Americans during the Jim Crow South system, and affected the majority in an unconstructive way. Racism made a huge impact on the lives of the Blacks because it affected their emotions, physicality, home life, and way of being. For some, racism lead to death or whole ruined their lives, but others took the hardship of racism and went with it in the opposite direction. Ric hard Wright, once a trouble African American boy, now a flourishing writer.

Rapid Regeneration of Chelated Iron Desulfurization Solution

marrow of gyration speed of electrode on the regeneration consec order Figure 3 illustrates the effect of whirling speed of 138 Figure 2 Experimental process blend diagram I?power supply 2?motor 3?quid allocator 4?cathode 5?ceramic membrane 6?gas distributor 7?anode 8? standard pressure steel container 9?regenerated solution tank 10?original decentralization solution tank 11?pump is too high, the contact measure between the collated iron elution and electrode is shortened, and the electrochemical oxidation reactions will be not complete, so the regeneration rate decreases slightly.Moreover, it is well known that high(prenominal) rotating speed will cause in industrial applications. In this experiment, the regeneration rate rat reach a maximum value of 84. 9% when rotation speed of electrode is equal to 180 rain-l, which is about 1. 6 times that achieves in the nonoperational electrode surroundings. The experiments demonstrate that the rotating electrode has significant adva ntages in improving the regeneration rate. Figure 3Effect of rotation speed of electrode on the regeneration rate electrode on the regeneration rate at a voltage of 4 V, an entry aura melt rate of 2 MPH-1 and an inlet liquid flow rate of 80 Lo-l . A higher rotating speed of electrode is favorable to increase the regeneration rate, resulting in higher regeneration efficiency. At lower rotating speed, the air bubbles in solution and the bubbles created during electrochemical reactions can stay easily to the electrode surface and reduce the electrode activity area, which will decrease the electrochemical oxidation efficiency.With an increasing rotating speed, the bubbles can be timely detached from the electrode surface, and the thickness of public exposure layer decreases and the concentration difference can be eliminated rapidly. The increase of current density enhances the electrochemical regeneration effect. At the kindred time, the gas-liquid mixing degree and hullabaloo in tensity will be enhanced to favor the mass transfer at a higher rotating speed, which can lead to the quick supplement of the change state oxygen consumed in the regeneration process.Thus, the regeneration rate increases with increasing rotating speed. However, when the rotating speed of electrode 3. 2 Effect of voltage on the regeneration rate Figure 4 shows the influence of voltage on the regeneration rate at a rotation speed of electrode of 180 rain-l, an inlet air flow rate of 2 MPH-1 and an inlet liquid flow rate of 80 Lo-l . The regeneration rate increases as voltage increases overdue to that the current density increases rapidly at the initial stage with the increase of voltage, resulting in an increased electrochemical reaction driving force.The increase of voltage is favorable to the regeneration rate in both of he rotating electrode and the electrostatic electrode environments. But the regeneration rate in the rotating electrode environment is higher than that in the st atic electrode environment at the same voltage due to that the rotating electrode can entrust a great and rapid renewed surface of the electrode to strengthen the electrochemical oxidation process. When the voltage regeneration rate increases slowly probably due to that the current density and the electrochemical reaction driving force increases slowly.Moreover, too high voltage easily leads to higher energy consumption and more case reactions. Thus, an appropriate voltage of 4 V is selected and the regeneration rate is 84. 8%. The new electrochemical reactor can be considered as the 139 strengthens the micro-mixing efficiency of the air and solution, resulting in excellent mixing and higher mass transfer rate. When inlet air flow rate increases to higher than 2 MPH-1, the regeneration rate increases slowly.The apprehension may be that the residence time of air becomes shorter in solution and the gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency decreases with a too large inlet air flow rate. Therefore, an inlet air flow rate of 2 MPH-1 s appropriate and the regeneration rate is 84. 8%. The experiments indicate that the rotating electrode has significant influence on improving the regeneration efficiency of air oxidation. Figure 4 Effect of voltage on the regeneration rate rotating electrode A static electrode traditional tank-type reactor on condition that the voltage is O V in the static electrode environment.nether the optimum conditions, the regeneration rate of the new electrochemical reactor is increased from 45. 3% to 84. 8% compared with the traditional tank-type reactor. The experiments indicate that the rotating electrode can dramatically improve the efficiency of electrochemical oxidation. 3. 3 Effect of inlet air flow rate on the regeneration rate Figure 5 shows the effect of inlet air flow rate on the regeneration rate at a rotation speed of electrode of 180 rain-l, a voltage of 4 V and an inlet liquid flow rate of 80 Lo-l .With increasing inlet air flow ra te, the regeneration rate first increases rapidly and then changes slightly both in the rotating electrode and static electrode environments due to that the dissolved the rotating electrode environment, the regeneration rate is always higher than that achieved in the static electrode environment because the rotating electrode Figure 5 Effect of inlet air flow rate on the regeneration rate rotating electrode A static electrode 3. Effect of inlet liquid flow rate on the regeneration rate Figure 6 illustrates the effect of inlet liquid flow rate on the regeneration rate at a rotation speed of electrode of 180 rain-l, a voltage of 4 V and an inlet air flow rate of 2 MPH-1. The regeneration rate first decreases slowly and then decreases rapidly with the increase of the inlet liquid flow rate in the rotating electrode environment, which shows the same trend as he case of the static electrode environment.The smaller the inlet liquid flow rate is, the longer the residence time of liquid in the electrochemical reactor will be. Long residence time can benefit the regeneration of the collated iron decentralization solution because the gas-liquid contract time and the electrolysis time are one of the most important influence factors of the regeneration process. When inlet liquid flow rate is less than 80 Oh-I, the regeneration rate mud at over 84. 6%.When inlet liquid flow rate continues to increase to higher than 80 Lo-l , the residence time of quid in the electrochemical reactor becomes shorter gradually, resulting in rapid decrease in the regeneration rate. Under the condition that the manipulation capacity is bigger and the regeneration rate is higher, an optimum inlet liquid flow rate of 80 Lo-l is selected and the regeneration rate reaches 84. 6%, which is about 1. 6 times that in the static electrode environment.The Figure 6 Effect of inlet liquid flow rate on the regeneration rate rotating electrode A static electrode 140 experiments demonstrate that the rotatin g electrode has significant advantages in increasing the treatment opacity of regeneration process. A new type of electrochemical reactor with rotating cylindrical electrodes exhibits better regeneration performance for the collated iron decentralization solution than the traditional tank-type reactor due to its good electrochemical oxidation property and gas-liquid mass transfer performance.The novel electrochemical reactor can not only provide a great and rapid renewed surface to accelerate the regeneration process of electrochemical oxidation, but also provide an excellent gas-liquid mixing environment to strengthen the regeneration recess of air oxidation, overcoming the poor mass transfer effect and the low oxidation regeneration efficiency in the traditional tank-type reactor. Under the optimum conditions, the regeneration rate of collated iron decentralization solution is increased from 45. 3% to 84. 8%.

Higher Cost of Healthcare: Deterrent for Smokers Essay

This research is focused on the hypothesis that if an employer would require a high wellnesscargon cost for employees who smoke, would this prevent them from continuing the vice and throw in pot for good? Literature Review According to Andre, Velasquez & Mazur (2008) the American Medical Association latterly revealed that at least 25 cents of every health care dollar is spent on the treatment of diseases or disabilities that result from potentially changeable behaviors. Smoking, by itself, costs the the U. S. health care system over $65 billion annually (par. 1).Meanwhile, in an article entitled Smokers Pay More for Health Benefits Employers wait Smokers to Pay Higher Health-Care Premiums written by Lisa Cornwell, she said that a number of companies have already imposed higher health care premiums to employees who smoke (par. 2). These companies, two private and public, resort to this measure to entice the smokers to quit smoking for good. Some companies impose $20 to $50 a mo nth for these employees. According to the Medical disbursal Panel Survey Smoking is costing the economy (cited in Cornwell,2006, par. 2 ).Significantly, the employers are charging smokers extra for health insurance in an effort to rein in costs. The estimated costs of medical expenses and lost productivity are about twice the cost of cigarettes per pack or more (cited in Cornwell,2006, par. 2 ). Additionally, in an interview by Helen Darling, president of the National Business Group on Health, she remarked that In addition to employers having to pay out more in health-care costs, public opinion is straightway solidly on the side of eliminating smoking, and workers are realizing increasingly that they are having to pay for others lifestyle choices (cited in Cornwell, 2006, par. 0).National Business Group on Health is a non profit organization with more than 200 member employers. Despite the imposition of higher healthcare cost, some companies offer programs that will entice smoker s to quit smoking. one time they sign up and complete the program, they are waived of a certain amount which is usually required for smoking employees. However if they resume the vice, the fee will be asked of them in the following year. Basing from the number of the employees that signed up for the program, it appears to be a motivating factor for smokers to finally give up on smoking.However, an issue cannot be without an opposing side. Lewis Maltby, president of the National Workrights Institute, remarked making smokers pay more for insurance for their health choices isnt inherently wrong but do we really want to brave out in a world where employers penalize us for everything in our private lives that isnt healthy? (cited in Cornwell, 2006, par. 10). Methodology This study is conducted through interview of sixty (60) respondents. The respondents age ranged from 23 to 40 years of age. Among them were 22 females and 38 males.They were all smokers and of different histories. The range of their ages was 14 to 27 when they started smoking tobacco/cigarettes. The main questions asked from the respondents are as follows (a) How many sticks of cigarettes do you smoke per day? (b) On average, how may times have you consulted with a medical doctor with sickness relating to your vice? (c) be you willing to shoulder higher healthcare cost for smoking? (d) If you had no choice but to shoulder higher health care cost, would you quit smoking for good?Data Analysis and ResultsAmong the sixty (60) respondents, the cigarette packs consumed per day range from 3 sticks to 1 pack a day. A pack contains 20 sticks of cigarette. As regards medical conditions, 56% of the smokers admitted to have smoking-related illnesses such as cough and sinus infections. In a year, they visit the doctor 2 to 3 times for such sickness. When asked if they are willing to shoulder additional healthcare cost for their vice, 40% said yes, since they are willing to take responsibility for their ow n vice. However 60% said no.On the imposition of a higher health cost from their employers and if this would make them quit smoking for good, 38. 3% said they would definitely quit smoking, 43. 3% said they would make an effort to quit smoking, 18. 3% said it would not make any difference in their smoking habits. Discussion Basing from the interviews, completely 18% of the respondents are adamant to quitting smoking despite imposing higher costs for healthcare. Significantly, these respondents have been smoking for almost their lives and have not yet experienced any serious illness associated with their smoking habit.One of the respondents remarked that he is willing to shoulder a few more of his income and earnings since smoking, according to him, does him good that is worthy his money. However, more significantly, 38% are willing to give up the vice and another 43% were willing to make an effort to quit for good. Basing from this research, it shows that higher health care cost c an be an effective deterrent for smoking. One of those willing to give up smoking for good was a single cleaning woman who said she could instead use the money for clean fun than for smoking-related sicknesses.Conclusion and Recommendation Judging from the result of this study and various interviews of employers (as stated in Cornwells article), the additional expenses for health care for smoking apparently discourage smokers from pursuing the vice. Evidence shows that most are willing to undergo therapy and programs that will help distract the tobacco habit for good, as they are to shoulder the expense of consultation, treatment and medication for such voluntary health risk.

Overview of SQUARE pharmaceuticals LTD Essay

IntroductionSquare Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (SPL) has been the bowel movementsetter in Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Market since its inception in 1958. e genuinelywhere the last decade SPL actually rose to a crude standard moving beyond manufacturing quality medicines to win mindshare of patients, physicians, shareholders, contrast partners, and communities where we work and live. Our dedication to bestow to a greater extent value to the common wealth of the society compounded by progressive strategies for fruit and diversification, pioneering role in bringing new engineering science and implementing new ideas, and commitment for total quality management distills the glory of our success. Today SPL is not merely a market leader. Most of the products that it actively markets enjoy leadership spot demonstrating incomparable trust of the healthcare professionals. Today SPL is ready to face the challenge of scarce sourcing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) in the post-WTO e ra, with its advanced a manufacturing capability.SPL is one of the offshoot companies to have an extensively computerized and automate operative environment connecting every corner of the country to the centre. produceivity with connectivity is one of our heritages of progress. SPL is the first order to go beyond the national boundary, exporting its quality products in everyplaceseas markets in Asia Africa, and atomic number 63. More than that, SPL has probably fulfilled a national aspiration of turning a in one case import dependent country into an exporter of quality medicines. We believe, with our technological and managerial know-how and ability to take on challenges, we will be able to progress much blistering towards our objective of becoming the nations mostVisionary CompanyObjectivesOur main objective is to prepare this project to know about the organization. We try to counsel on the project SWOT analysis, potter five forces, organization design in Square Pharmaceut ical Ltd. ScopeOur assignment is only document foundation garment so we have not luck to take interview, survey and make observation. As it is a report about anorganization so we have opportunity to collect data by reading documents from their web sites. MethodologyTo complete our project and reach in a stopping point we around methods. To collect discipline we search internet, read newspaper, and utilize our personal observation.ABOUT COMPANYSquare Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is a leading edge drug keep companyceutical companyceutical company based in Dhaka, Bangladesh and is acclaimed for its great(p) product quality, world-class manufacturing facilities, product development capabilities and outstanding professional services. lame today symbolizes a name a state of mind. But its journey to the growth and prosperity has been no bed of roses. From the inception in 1958, it has today burgeoned into one of the top line conglomerates in Bangladesh. Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd., the f lagship company, is holding the strong leadership lieu in the pharmaceutical exertion of Bangladesh since 1985 and is now on its way to becoming a high performance global player. Historical Background of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. form Pharmaceuticals Limited is the largest pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh and it has been continuously in the 1st position among all national and multinational companies since 1985. It was established in 1958 and converted into a public limited company in 1991.1958 De merely of SQUARE Parma as a Partnership Firm.1964 Converted into a Private Limited Company.1985 Achieved market-leadership in the pharmaceutical market of Bangladesh among all national and multinational companies.1987 Pioneer in pharmaceutical export from Bangladesh.1991 Converted into a Public Limited Company1997 Won the interior(a) Export trophy for exporting pharmaceuticals. 1998 Agro-chemicals & Veterinary Products division of SQUARE Pharmaceuticals starts its operation. 2001 U S FDA/UK MCA standard new pharmaceutical factory goes into operation built under the watch of Bevis Lend Lease, UK. 2005 New State-of-the-Art SQUARE Cephalosporins Ltd. goes into operation built under the supervision of TELSTAR S.A. of Spain as per USFDA/ UK MHRA requirements. 2007 SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Dhaka social unit gets the UK MHRA approval. 2012 SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Dhaka Unit and SQUARE Cephalosporins Ltd. get the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia approval. MissionOur Mission is to produce and provide quality & innovative healthcare relief for people, maintain stringently ethical standard in profession operation also ensuring benefit to the Shareholders, stakeholders and the society at large.VisionsWe view business as a mode to the material and social wellbeing of the investors, employees and the society at large, leading to accretion of wealth through financial and moral gains as a part of the process of the human civilization.ObjectiveO ur objectives are to conduct transparent business operation based on market mechanism indoors the legal & social framework with aims to attain the mission reflected by our vision.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the topical anesthetic community and society at large.SQUAREs activity goes well beyond the sphere of business. As socially conscious and responsible corporate dust SQUARE is committed to the improvement of the society as a whole. SQUARE helps many NGOs in their effort to make available healthcare to the disadvantage population of the country. SQUARE is also a major sponsor of sporting events in the country.Organization DesignThe Board of Directors is responsible for the strategic be after and all overall policy guidelines of the bank. Besides, t here is an audit committee in the Board to oversee compliance of major regulatory and operational issues. The chief operating officer& MD, Deputy MD and group executives are responsible forachieving business goals and overseeing the day to day operations. The CEO and MD assisted by a senior management group superintend operation of various decisions centrally and coordinate operation of branches. There is also a management committee comprising member of the senior executive headed by CEO and MD to look into all operational function and risk management of the bank. The workf junior-grade of the organizational structure is given in the figure below1. put to work specialization2. incisionalization3. Span of control4. Chain of command5. Centralization & Decentralization6. FormalizationWork specializationWork specialization, which is dividing work activities into separate job task. respective(prenominal) employees specialize in doing part of an activity rather than the entire activit y in order to increase work output. Its also known as division of labor.There are some work specialists in SPL.Research and DevelopmentInformation TechnologyHuman ResourceSupply Chain tradeCustomer DevelopmentBusiness to BusinessFinance divisionDepartmentalizationGrouping jobs together is called departmentalization. Departmentalization and Division of labor is the same thing. Each and every organization follows some common forms of departmentalization. The five common forms of departmentalization areFunctional DepartmentalizationGeographical DepartmentalizationProduct DepartmentalizationProcess DepartmentalizationCustomer DepartmentalizationFunctional departmentalizationGroups jobs according to function. For instance it has the departments for merchandise, accounting and finance, human resourcefulness and management information system separately. All the departments together form functional departmentalization under managing directorGeographical DepartmentalizationGroups Jobs acc ording to Geographic region. Square distributes its products all over the country using its own distribution channel. It has a large form of vehicles and sales depots to ensure coverage of the whole country. Its coverage is the best in the country.Product DepartmentalizationGroups jobs by product line.Process DepartmentalizationIn every distribution channel certain type of process is obtained to maintain the client flow.. To show the way of working of Square Pharma Ltd. under process departmentalization, a diagram is presented below.Customer departmentalizationGroups on the basis of specific and unique customers. SPL has several product lines the tasks are emphatically different to serve the customer of individual product line. Customers needs and problems differ from one product line to another.Research and DevelopmentThis department brings ideas to improve and realise their brands as well. Information TechnologyThe managers of this department find the new technologies available and use.This technology to driveway competitive advantage. Human Resource DepartmentManagers of this dept use to drive the employees in a disciplined manner toachieve organizational goal. Here they also motivate the employees to the fullest possible extent.Customer DevelopmentBuilding relationship with customer and maintain the relation is important job for any organization that and is done by the managers of this departments. This department also tries to find needs and wants of the customers.Supply Chain DepartmentAfter production how products should be distributed to the supplier- wholesalers, retailer or what would be the chain of supply of the products from production till sales to the final consumer is totally operated by this department. trade DepartmentManagers of Marketing department tries to create values of their brands to the customer by taking various steps like- promotion, advertisement, free distribution and so on. Finance Department The vital role is played by fina nce department these departments develop plans for their financial activities and also prepare the budget for the coming fiscal year.Span of reassureHow a manager behind efficiently and effectively manage his subordinates is called span of control. In case of SPL, they strong span of control as a depart they gain market leadership as well as their progress change magnitude.FormalizationSPL is a highly formalized organization there are diaphanous job descriptions, numerous organizational rules, and clearly defined procedures covering work process. All employees have to follow guided rules and procedures in SPL. SWOT Analysis of the SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Ltd.The overall evaluation of a companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and panics is called SWOT analysis. In general, a business unit has to monitor key macro environment forces (demographic- economic, technological, political-legal, and social-cultural) and meaning(a) microenvironment actors (customers, competitors, distributors, suppliers) that affect itsability to earn profits. The business unit should set up a marketing intelligence system to track tends and important developments. For each trend or development, management needs to identify the associated opportunities and threats .StrengthsRecognizes as a global company.Brand valueStrong brand portfolio.Strong relationship with retailers.Economies of scale.Largest organizationsAdvanced technologyWell skilled professionalsGood distribution network all over worldSquare Pharmaceuticals provided creative strategiesStrong marketing and good image groundingWide distribution channels in both national and internal marketsDecentralized decision-making.WeaknessesDual leadershipNot connecting with customers.Inefficient management of brands.Focus on short term strategyHigh cost of restructuringHard to manage and control company structureHigh cost limit promotions in companyOpportunitiesChanging consumers preferenceIncreasing need for several diseasesR ural areas are a large prospective marketEmploying external job applicants recognise high market shareIntroducing new distribution channelPromote its products in new geographic areasCustomer base is increasing with effective marketingTake advantage of the changes of technologyPopulation expanding at a rapid rateLow income consumers affrightsThe threats of the pharmaceutical industry are the analysis of the external industry components that could create an opportunity for the SPL to decline, atrophy or lose some competitive edge. For example, the pharmaceutical industrys threats could include increased government regulation, a declining economy, increasing research and development (R&D) costs or a decrease in the global population. The threats of SPL are discussed below. Product innovation is ineffectiveThe high competition for market share increases rapidlyChanges of peoples perceptionPolitical and Economic factorsIncreasing social awareness in societyUnfavorable conditionsAcquisiti on decisionLack of proper knowledge in medicineIndustry AnalysisIs a vital part of the decision making process in business? Industry Analysis helps investor to take decision. Industry Analysis also helps entrepreneurs to iron out the wrinkles in their business plans. Michael Porter has identified five forces that are astray used to assets the structure of any industry. Porters five forces areThreat of new entrantsThreat of substitutesBargaining power of buyersBargaining power of Suppliers on-going rivalryThreat of new entrantsPharma industry is one of the most easily accessible industries for an entrepreneur in Bangladesh. The capital requirement for the industry is very low creating a regional distribution network is easy, since the point of sales is restricted in this industry in Bangladesh.Economies of scaleSquare pharma can easily produce based on economies of scale but it is quite difficult to new entrants for produce based on economies of scale First means advantageIt was es tablished in 1958 and converted into a public limited company in 1991.First mover advantage is part of the standard lore of the I-Cubed Economy. It means that the first company into a market generally wins. Access to channels of distribution and relationshipThe Square pharma is a large pharmaceutical company in our country so they have large distribution channel and good relationship with the retailers.Distribution Channel at a GlanceThreat of substitute ProductsThis is one of the great advantages of the pharma industry. Whatever happens, demand for pharma products continues and the industry thrives. One of the key reasons for high competitiveness in the industry is that as an ongoing concern, pharma industry seems to have an infinite future. However, in recent times, the advances made in the field of biotechnology, can prove to be a threat to the synthetic pharma industry. Bargaining power of buyersThe unique feature of pharma industry is that the end user of the product is differe nt from the influencer. The consumer has no choice but to buy what doctor recounts. However, when we look at the buyers power, we look at the influence they have on the prices of the product. In pharma industry, the buyers are unlogical and they as such does not wield much power in the pricing of the products. However, government with its policies plays an important role in regulating pricing through the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority.Price SensitivitySquare pharma is produced the pharmaceutical products which are undifferentiated product and there are few electric switch cost. Relative Bargaining Power Two factors related to the relative bargaining powerNumber of buyerThe buyers bargaining power is determined by the number of buyer relative to the number of suppliers.Volume per buyerIt is determined by volume of purchase by single buyer. The number of buyer of Square pharma is a single buyer with several alternative suppliers.Bargaining power of SuppliersThe pharma in dustry depends upon several organic chemicals. The chemical industry is again very competitive and fragmented. The chemicals used in the pharma industry are largely a commodity. The suppliers have very low bargaining power and the companies in the pharma in dusty can switch from their suppliers without incurring a very high cost. However, what can happen is that the supplier can go for forward consolidation to become a pharma company. Companies like Orchid Chemicals and Sasha Chemicals were basically chemical companies, who turned themselves into pharmaceutical companies. In case of Square pharma there is low bargaining powers of supplierCurrent revelryConcentration and Balance CompetitorsThe number of firms in an industry and their relative size of its determine the degree of concentration. Lots of similar size and strong competitor exist in the market and price competition is likely to be harsh. So strongly pharma product price is competitive. dot of differentiation and switc hing costProduct differentiation is not the driver, cost competitiveness is. However, companies like Square pharma have created big brands in over the years, which act as product differentiation tools.Excess Capacity and Exit barrierIt is quit impractical for square pharma or other firms to forget from thisindustry because of they cannot use those machineries in other purpose. Also here some rules and regulation exist no one cannot easily exist from this industry.Recommendation musical note and control According to international standard square pharmaceuticals ltd. Should maintain their product quality Local market share At present in Bangladesh square pharmaceuticals is the market leader in pharmaceutical sector. Its followers and competitors always try to increase their percentage of market share. So square pharma concentrate more to increase his market shareDynamic sales strategiesDue to the customer complaint and the lack of guidelines to prevent untrained sales staff from serv ing customers, we recommended that square pharma should take dynamic sales strategies for higher customer satisfaction. Foreign market Though SPL captured Asia, Africa, Middle East pharmaceutical market but the Europe market till now un-captured. So square pharma should concentrate more in Europe market.ConclusionIn finally, I can say that Square Pharmaceuticals Limited play an important for economic development of the country after creating job opportunities, and earning profits as well. SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Limited is the largest pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh and it has been continuously in the 1st position among all national and multinational companies since 1985.Referencehttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Pharmaceuticalshttp//www.squarepharma.com.bd/index.phphttp//www.scribd.comhttp//www.managementstudyguide.com/swot-analysis.htmhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_five_forces_analysishttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DepartmentalizationBooksManagement-10th-Edition-Stephen P.Ro bbins & Mary Coulter

Psychology of Trading Essay

In a general summary of human events and fortunes, diametrical oppositions create a kind of dialectic of transpose that works in cycles with not a diffuse of variegate happening for most companies only rather slow decline for many and quick change only to face a doomed fall for so many more. This is not really delved into, what partnership the opposing teams have for each opposite.The professors who are erupt of touch and talking about fundamentals against the more clever or crafty investment professionals who know and have known for so long how ridiculous the market is and how crowd dynamics certainly play a huge role in raising or lowering certain nervous strains. While the authors appear to think that professors are genuinely out of touch and should teach to industry standards what is neglected are how much fundamentals should matter in the long-run.However, I do agree that professors should certainly assess crowd psychology and not only that but the addictive mass-consu mption aspect of investments. Stocks are products just like any other though they are symbolic products as well as liquid assets so its certainly prestigious to say that you own a litter of shares of Google, just like it used to be prestigious to own Bethlehem Steel but why not just say you have a lot of money to spend on electronic packets of value? Why do people boast about their portfolio and encourage friends to buy into the next great stock that they claim to be smitten by?I think that social networks rather than classic crowd psychology treatise are more helpful in discovering the cascades of irrational investing and rational counter-investing that people engage in. Because stocks have contested and insecure meaning equilibrium is rare yet if the fundamentals are there or more broadly, if they offer a great product that people love to consume then truly it would be not so wise to follow what people do as you miss the best opportunity and settle for the second best.Theoretical ly if a person could audit a company with a team of the best auditors they should be in possession of very valuable information if this company is trading heavily but fuck be expected to reach an equilibrium point where it rises for quite awhile and never falls too deeply. Kind of like Best Buys stock from July of 2005 to October of 2008, there it beted like the company satisfied with fundamentals for a long time and created a crowd of loyal consumers who bought not for gain but stability.Then too much bad news and the fundamentals started looking not so good, resulting in a huge dip in the bell of the stock to approximately half of the equilibrium value it maintained during the time coordinates specified above. Prestige and the social conditioning forces are simplified in this article with a few less than well-chosen passages of Le Bon who wrote an awful lot about crowd psychology but was more of an inspiration than truly a fruition of great ideas that stand firm on their own.H ow convincing both the fundamentals argument and the crowd-mechanisms are is really uncertain as even the authors seem to realize that both are important though crowds are far more discussed than issues like why Fundamentals are not always awfully predictive and why. A lot is stated in this article but its not really a great think-piece as you learn a lot of information but without a great theoretical framework it resembles a mismatch that barely works towards conciliation.

Norm Referenced Tesing

10/20/2012 33949 PM Norm-Reference assays are most appropriate when angiotensin-converting enzyme wishes to make comparisons across large numbers of students or important decisions regarding student placement and advancement (Assessment purposes, 2011). One example of a Norm-Reference test would be the orbital cavity Test which is given to students entering college. This test assesses the reading, writing, and mathematical level of students in order to determine which English and math class individuals are placed in order to give the best opportunity for success as they begin their college education. The COMPASS assesses individuals by using the lower taxonomy levels.After completion of the test, students are placed in a remediation level English or math class if they fail to demonstrate the ability to demonstrate association of the concepts at these lower cognitive levels. Criterion-Reference test are most appropriate for quickly assessing what concep ts and skills students ware learned from a segment of instruction (Assessment purposes, 2011). In Georgia, the Criterion-Reference Competency Test (CRCT) test the skills and intimacy gained over the curriculum taught throughout the school year. Higher taxonomy levels are being assessed as students must demonstrate their comprehension, application, analysis, and synthesis of the grade level curriculum.When students receive their results, they have an idea of where they stand academically compared to the standards covered. Unlike Norm-Referenced test, this test does not result in student placement when moving toward the next grade level. Although both test serve a purpose, in my experience, Norm-Reference test are great for individual assessment and the ability to use lower level taxonomy skills such as knowledge and comprehension. The CRCT serves its purpose of rating individuals in comparison to the content and curriculum they should know by having students demonstrate throu gh critical thinking skills as they analyze apiece question. I believe the CRCT is better served for evaluating educators rather than students.With mainstreaming students into the regular education setting, it is difficult to gain a true reading of how well the higher levels of Blooms Taxonomy are addressed and used in the general education setting. References Assessment purposes. (2011, Nov 23). Retrieved from http//www. edtech. vt. edu/edtech/id/assess/purposes. html

My Very First Experience in Completing an Assignment

I am currently a student taking Language Description Course in give University Malaysia at Sandakan Branch. The aim of this course is to analyze grammar and describe pertinent grammar rules. I started this course from January 2013 and to demonstrate what I gull learnt on the HBEL 1203 Language Description Course I progress to to fulfill an duty assignment. I have to select an authentic text in the printed media such as newspaper, magazines or journal of a presum commensurate length and then I go out have to identify one word for each lineament of verb from the authentic source that I have selected.After identifying the correct type of verb, I have to explain understandably the criteria used in identifying them according to the context. The first briefing of this assignment happened in an afternoon class which was my moment private instructorial sitting. The class inform explained to us how to go on with the assignment. AS the tutor started talking rough this assignment I felt so nervous that suddenly I got the scenting I go out non be able to finish this assignment. In my nervous state I fumbled my book, papers, and stationary completely the while stumbling over the assignment questions on my mind which was not making any sense to me.But my schoolmates were very understanding, as they were old students who were aw be that I am new to this subject and so they tried to allay me down, all the while the tutor was still giving her explanation on how to go about terminate the assignment. I sat at the back of the classroom trying to understand the task in the assignment and I left the session as soon as the class was over without speaking to anyone. I felt so miserable at that time that I started to study about quitting the course. I was distract with my own self because of my inability to understand the task plane after the class tutor explained understandably in front of the class.I started to think that I need some time to be alone that would serving me get over my nervousness. I was so mortified that I rang in sick the following hebdomad and it was only when I had calmed down that I decided I need to speak either to my classmates or the class tutor about this. I also realized later that it was perfectly natural to olfaction nervous, as I am not used to doing such task. I telephoned a fellow classmate and she do me feel much better. I realized that everyone feels scared at first and probably stumbles finished their first few assignments.When I calmed down I felt my actions at that time did not overhaul me in resolving the situation. I should not have left immediately after the class session without speaking either to the class tutor or my classmates. I should have stood up to the class tutor and should have spoken to her immediately after the lesson about how I was feeling. Dealing with situations like this immediately is preferable, as Cooper (2001) points out. Instead I spoke to my classmate several days later an d did not percolate the class tutor again until a formal class two weeks later.Daynes and Farris (2003) say that, by not dealing with situations immediately and personally and instead taking it to an authority figure, the situation can be made worse. In retrospect, I could have done several things differently. I should have spoken to the class tutor immediately after the session and voiced my opinions. I should also have been bolder and stood up for myself so that I retained control of the task that had to be done. I think the main thing I wise(p) from this task fulfillment is that I had not built up any relationship whatsoever with the instructor in the preceding weeks and that I should have made an effort to do so.I would then have been able to explain easily and more comfortably to her how nervous I was feeling. In future, I will act upon sure to build up more of a relationship with classmates and my class tutor. I am perusal along with several classmates and I will speak to each of them about my feelings about the course. I have already had a good conversation with several of them and we have worked out a appearance of world a team so that I do not feel so pressurized. I will also need to do this with the class tutor, as I cannot expect her to understand how my difficulties if I conceal quiet.I also need to speak to my fellow classmates more often about how they feel, as I think I will be able to learn from them. By being in team of my classmates, I discovered the advantages of working(a) as part of a separate discussion. I learned that good teamwork in a group discussion is the key to success in doing any task when time and resources are limited. As everyone had their own point of view, many different ideas could be produced and I found the energy of group participation made me feel more energetic about contributing something.I also discovered that even the simplest things on earth could be turned into something amazing if we put enough creativi ty and effort into working on them. In terms of learning, I am now able to analyze grammar and describe relevant grammar rules. It also has given me the opportunity to apply the rules of grammar accurately and effectively in different contexts. I feel I need to gain more confidence and to the best of my knowledge think this is the best way to start.

How Does Golding Show Conflict in Lord of the Flies? Essay

In lord of the flies, Golding presents a strong mother wit of conflict, mingled with the boys, the boys and nature and the boys personal lives. The theme of conflict is an important one within the novel, as it helps to represent the disagreement and contend of World War II which was happening during the time that maestro of the flies was written and that Golding experienced first-hand. Goldings main message in Lord of the flies was how cruel men could be to one other and conflict is an obvious link to this idea. We begin to look at conflict in truth early in the novel, all the same before the story begins, as Golding tries to introduce the key themes at the start of the novel. The boys be actually brought to the island itself by the conflicts of World War II. charm conflict and violence is happening in the macrocosm that is the world, it starts to arise on the island, a microcosm of the world. We also disclose conflict and focus amidst Ralph and gross for a number of re asons. Ralph right away thinks of himself as superior to Piggy because he is physically more attractive and athletic then Piggy. While goose is described as a clear boy a stereotypical sign of integrity and pureness who might make a boxer as far as width and heftiness of shoulders went and with size and attractive appearance that marked him out.Piggy on the other hand is plump, shorter than the fair boy and very fat. Ralph also mocks shoat by calling him by the nick number he dis handles. This is a deliberate act of severity as Piggy says confidently I dont fretfulness what they call me..as long as they dont call me what they utilize to call me at schoolThey used to call me Piggy. But Ralph ignores this and mocks Piggy, he shrieked with laughter Jumped up..Piggy. He is also rude to him by disregarding his health problem, saying, sucks to your ass-mar. This immediate superiority Ralph musical nones over Piggy and his cruelty towards him could be a example of how people in society generally act and think, and the behaviour towards thinkers or people with disabilities, that appearance and physical attractiveness is important and superior and that health impairments such as very poor eyesight and asthma marks someone out as world different and on that pointof strange. It is also important that Golding has shown that Ralph has the capability to be cruel. Although we later find out that he is a representation of democracy, Ralph as a person brush asidet be holey salutary but he cant be holey evil either.This links to Goldings main message of Lord of the flies, which was inspired by seeing the awful things men could do to one a nonher that man, no reckon how good, democratic or orderly can be holey good and atomic number 18 cap suitable of being cruel, mostly for no valid reason and often as a result of discrimination and smart for government agency. We also see a feature of emotional conflict between the boys. Ralphs father is in the navy, anoth er person who contributes to the conflict within the world and the island. As well as this, he is not only in the navy but a commander in the navy and taught Ralph how to swim. When Ralph asks Piggy round his father, piggy flushes suddenly and replies My dads dead he said quickly, and my mumI used to live with my aunty. His words give us the indication that his father is dead, his mother has left him and that his auntie used to look after him but no longer wants him.His upbringing, especially in comparison to Ralphs, makes him feel insignificant and upset and evokes pathos in the reader. From this, and his cockney accent (all them other kids, we was attacked) we can come in concert that Piggy represents the underclass in the 1950s. However, out of all the boys, the majority of which attended private school or were educated in grammar school, piggy is the best one, even though he has had to live in c be and has been neglected through his childhood, all things which Golding uses to make the reader feel empathy and sympathy towards him. As a character, Piggy is the cleverest among the boys what intelligence had been shown was traceable to piggy but he is really a weak boy with good ideas. Golding could be making a point that your back background signal does not necessarily determine how intelligent you atomic number 18 and that a lower class child can be very intelligent. We experience more tension between Ralph and Piggy due to Ralphs attitude that he is superior, through linguistic conflict. Piggy interminably asks Ralph questions, such as whats your name?, you havent seen the others have you? and making comments and telling Ralph more or less himself My auntie told me not to runon account of my asthma and I expect well want to come all there names.He is enthusiastic and keen to talk to Ralph, possibly due to the ordinary lack of attention he receives back home. However Ralph tried to be offhand and not in any case obviously uninterested and replied to Piggys comments with just a shake of his head or not even acknowledging him at all. As well as this, when Piggy asked Ralph his name he waited to be asked his name in turn but this proffer of acquaintance was not made. This yet again shows how Ralph thinks of himself as superior to Piggy and doesnt feel he needs to treat or show piggy the same respect and interest that he gave to Ralph. Piggy also partly creates a gap between himself and Ralph by following Ralph and showing so much interest in him. Piggy hung steadily at his shoulder and stood by him, breathing hard. This could show that Ralph has a inherent sense of loss leadership most him which makes Piggy feel as though he should look up to him. However, it is mainly due to the concomitant that Piggy is neglected, of love and also friendship, which makes him feel he needs to attach himself to someone like Ralph.As well as this, Piggy is frightened by the prospect of no grown-ups and needs a sense of authority, like Ralph, t o latch onto. We can see how nervous and lacking in confidence Piggy can be, due to neglect as he took off his glassesthen started to wipe them, an action he seems to be doing all the time. This fidgeting behaviour is especially seen when Piggy is feeling particularly insignificant and upset talk about his upbringing My dads dead, he said quickly, and my mum. He took of his glasses and looked in vain for something with which to clean them on. Another important conflict within the contain can be seen between two of the main leaders, Ralph and rapscallion. Before the boys even interact with each other we can foresee that there will be tension between the two characters. jacks chorus is describes a prick. This description could indicate that the choir (led by dogshit) cloud later become more wild, like a creature. As well as this, the colour black that rapscallion and the choirs uniforms are made from is symbolic, with black being symbolising evil and big(a) things.The descri ption of Ralph is set in antithesis of Jack Jack is described as black and queasy and Ralph as golden. Later in the book we see that the two boys makes choices and live in ways that would be expected by their description, Jack as savage and cruel and Ralph as democratic and reasonable. Golding could be implying that one can make valid judgements from appearance. He also writes that Jack was underneath the floating cloaktall, thin and bony. His face was crumpled and freckled and ugly with silliness. This description once again draws up an image of Jack being a bad character because of his ugliness. However, by using the modifier without t silliness, Golding modifies the statement on Jacks appearance, that although he is ugly, the children would not be able to laugh at him. This could represent Jacks power and intimidation towards the other children through sheer appearance and manner. Jack also speaks in imperative sentences (e.g. choir, floor still ) and the boys huddled together in fear of him and stand with wearily obedience. This shows us they are used to taking orders from Jack.We can also see that Jakc thinks of himself as having superiority, as he wants to be called by his surname Merridew. Jack is obviously from a posh background and will have been to private school. Having characters like Jack and Ralph as leaders, boys who attended public school, could be Goldings representation of society, how many leading roles and responsibilities are taken by upper-class privately educated people, while many lower-class people, some who may be intelligent like piggy, are left behind, as they have not been in an environment where being confident and superior is normal and expected. When it comes to actually voting for a chief, the most obvious leader was Jack, described by Golding as this was the voice of one who knew his own mind. This shows us that Jack already asserts himself as a leader in opposition to that of Ralph who doesnt. However it is Ralph who is chosen by the boys to be chief. It is not only his size and attractive appearance, but there was also a quietude about Ralphthat marked him out and most powerfully there was the conchthe being that had blown thatwas set apart(predicate).The conch links to democracy, order and genteel society and there is a link between Ralph, the being that had blown that, that the boys also see. Golding would have been making the point that the boys chose, even when they didnt know him, Ralph, the link to democracy, order and civilised society, to be their chief because a democratic leader is the right leader to have and the boys can see this and therefore choose Ralph even without knowing him. When Jack did not get voted as chief, the freckles disappeared on labourers face under a blush of mortification. This shows us how embarrassed, angry and upset Jack was for not being chosen as Chief. This could be a point of conflict between Ralph and Jack within the book, however Ralph tries to keep pe ace with jack and looked at him, eager to offer something. This demonstrates Ralphs transport to be a good and fair leader. However, another point at which Ralph tries to avoid conflict between Jack and himself is when laughs at Jacks name calling at piggy and says, hes not fattyhis real names Piggy. This brings Ralph and Jack closer and creates common ground between them but yet again demonstrates the fact that Ralph can be capable of cruelty.We also see Ralphs attempts to avoid conflict with Jack over the role of leader by allowing jack that the choir belongs to you obviously. This action gives Jack some leadership and makes him feel more powerful as well as foreshadowing Ralphs later attempts to break the conflict between him and Jack and bring the two together again. Nearing the end of the chapter, we experience the boys conflict with nature. This is represented by Golding, when the boys go to push a jolt ingest from its original place on the mountain top. During their attemp t, the great rock loitered, poised on one toe. This behaviour, and other actions, is typical of the way humans have often treated the planet, reposeing natural objects or areas from their original state for human need and want. Golding was aware that humankind is stupid generous to destroy the very land that gives it food and life and we see this idea explored further in the novel, when the boys destroy a lot of food and firewood, elements that keep them alive, in a n uncontrollable fire.This, and the gyre of the rock, demonstrates that even if the boys are intelligent or strong humans, they will never really overpower nature and that it will always be in conflict with them. As well as this, the rolling of the rock down the mountain side is proleptic of Piggys death. We later also see that Jack experiences self-conflict. During Simon, Ralph and Jacks expedition of the island they come across a pig which Jack tries to kill, but isnt able to. He felt he couldnt, as he understood wh at an enormity the downward stroke would be. The boys also knew very well why he hadnt because of the enormity of the knife descending and swell into living body-build because of the unbearable blood. This shows us that Jack is not yet be far enough removed from civilised society to be able to kill a pig.However, he snatched his knife and slammed it into a tree trunk, saying, Next time and he looked round fiercely, daring them to contradict. This shows that his natural, evil, menacing and savage instincts are in him that only now on the island are recently coming across. Notice how Golding uses the verb flesh, a word which is not clearly specific to a pig and could easily be confuse with the flesh of a human. This shows us that when jack does next time kill, his knife could be coming down into the flesh of a pig, or the flesh of a human. It is important that Golding has introduced the variety of conflicts in the first chapter, so that the key themes are established early on and c an develop throughout the book and as to foreshadow events that will happen later on in the novel.

Jhkk

Culture Vocab Chart Word Definition formulate Example manner of speaking Set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols used for communication. Form of communication used amongst good deal. English cutBengali Standard spoken splattering to Variant of lyric poem that a countrys people seek to use in schools, media, government, and so on Used for official government business, education, and mass communications. English in AmericaFrench in FranceEnglish in Canada Dialects Local or regional characteristics of language Has different pronunciation and distinctive grammar ad vocab South Yall trade union You guys South Fixin to northwest About to Isogloss Geographic boundary within which linguistic feature occurs separates regions in which different languages exist Ossetia -European usual Intelligibility Ability of 2 people to understand each other when speaking Understanding what somevirtuoso else speaks tag understand what Billy says. Language families Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant fountain Languages that came from same root language Indo European Sound Shift Slight change in tidings across languages within subfamily or thorough language family Change of language that affect pronunciation Proto-Indo-European lingual hypothesis proposing existence of an ancestral Indo European language dwelling of ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which link modern languages. Scandinavia to North Africa and North America through parts of Asia to Australia Backward Reconstruction Tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants reluctant toward original language passage backward to original language milk in English, melk in Dutch, milche in German. Extinct Language Language without any native speakers Language not spoken anymore Latin, Gothic, Hebraic Deep Reconstruction Technique using vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create language that preceded it. Going back to a languages preceded language milk in English, melk in Dutch, milche in German Nostratic Language believed to be the ancestral language of Proto Indo Europeans Also for the Kartvelian languages of the southern Caucasus regions Hungarian, Finnish Language unlikeness Opposite of language convergence Process that German linguist August Schleicher suggested languages are formed when language breaks into dialects due to lack of spatial interaction French spoken in France is now different from the French spoken in Quebec. Language Convergence Opposite of language divergence collapsing of two languages into superstar Results from concordant spatial interaction of people with different languages Balkans where different languages (such as Greek, Albanian, Romania, Bulgarian) all share certain features of grammar Renfrew supposition Developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew. Said that 3 areas in and near first farming(a) hearth, Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families. Europes Indo European languages, North African and Arabian languages, and languages in present day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Anatolia (Turkey), Western arc of Fertile Crescent, Eastern arc of Fertile Crescent. success theory Major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused to Europe Early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, and started diffusions of European salivas. Modern day Ukraine. Commodification Process in which something is given monetary value Good or base is turned into something that has circumstance value and can be traded in market economy. Chicken used to be expensive, and only for special occasions.With battery farming, chicken meat has become a commodity. Monolingual States Countries in which one language is spoken These are countries with only one official language Japan (Japanese) Official Language Language selected often by educated and politically powerful elite To promote internal cohesion, normally language used in courts and government. America EnglishFr ance FrenchMexico Spanish Toponym Place name Word coined in association with the name of a holding. New York = From the Duke of York, Nova Scotia = New Scotland, New Jersey = from the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel Secularism Ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth not to accommodate prescriptions of a deity and promise of comfortable afterlife America Monotheistic Religion one(a) supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in universe Is the picture in the existence of one god or in the oneness of god. Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. Polytheistic Religion quintuple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in universe Belief in more than one god Hinduism, Buddhism, Wicca Animistic Religion Inanimate objects possess souls Can help or hinder benignant efforts on Earth Shintoism, Animism. Universalizing Religion Belief that there is one true godliness that is universal in scope Re ligion that wants to take over world Islam and Christianity ethnical Religion Religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct group of people. Dont actively seek converts through missionary work Judaism, Hinduism flirt Languages Languages that lay in areas those were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed. cerebrate languages derived fromVulgar Latin and forming a subgroup of theItalic languageswithin theIndo-Europeanlanguage family. French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese. Germanic Languages Languages that reflect magnification of people out of Northern Europe to west and south Sub-branch of theIndo-Europeanlanguage family. English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish. Slavic Languages Languages veritable as Slavic people migrated from base in present day Ukraine Close to 2000 years past Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Bulgarian Lingua Franca Tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consist ed of mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and some Arabic. frequent language, language used among speakers of different languages for purpose of trade and commerce. English Pidgin Language Parts of two or more languages are combined in simplified structure and vocabulary Simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. Name of the Creole languageTok Pisinderives from the English wordstalk pidgin. Creole Language Language that began as pidgin language Later adopted as mother tongue by people in place of mother tongue. Cultural Landscape Visible imprint of military personnel activity and goal on landscape Imprinted on landscape by the activities of various human occupants Building, forms, and artifacts Placelessness expiration of uniqueness of place One place looks like the next Association of Manchester with a distinctive path of music and club culture is relatively recent. Intrafaith b oundaries Boundaries within the same faith A major religions boundaries Sunni & ShiiteCatholic & Protestant Interfaith boundaries Boundaries between different religion Major religions boundaries Muslims & Christians. Religious fundamentalism Religious suit whose objectives are to return to the foundations of faith and to influence state policy A commonlyreligious sweat or point of view characterized by a return to fundamental principles Protestantcommunity in theUnited Statesin the early20th century Sharia laws System of Islamic law, some clock called Quranic law. impertinent most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Sharia is based on interpretation Women must wear a hijab at all times, or else they will be lapidate to death Jihad Doctrine within Islam, commonly translated as Holy War Personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to religious standards defense of religion when attacked with ravening wars of conquest and expansion Fol k culture Cultural traits such ad dress mode, dwellings, and tradition Institutions of usually small, traditional communities. Amish Popular culture Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify Part of directlys changeable, urban-bases, media-influenced western societies. 2chainz, skinny jeans, Christmas tree Local culture Group of people in particular place who see themselves as a collective or community Share experiences, customs, and traits, work to spare those traits and customs Hutterites in North America Material culture Art, housing, clothing, sports dances, foods and other similar items Constructed or created by a group of people Eating curry, wearing a kimono Nonmaterial culture Beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people Not constructed or created by a group of people Praying five times a day, French is spoken in France Hierarchical diffusion Idea or innovation spreads by passing first among most connected places or people Leapfrogg ing of innovations over wide areas, with geographic surpass a less important influence Spread of fashion spreads from level to nest level Hearth Area where idea or cultural trait originates Place of origin Hearth of corn was from Mexico engage People lose originality differentiating traits when they come into contact with another culture Used to describe immigrant adaption to new places of planetary house Mexican teens start acting/dressing more American after they move here. Custom convention routinely followed by a group of people Another word is tradition Taking your office off before going into a house. Cultural Appropriation Culture adopts ustoms and knowledge from other cultures Uses them for their unadoptable in that particular culture Native American dream catchers adopted by USA and exchange in stores Neolocalism Seeking out of regional culture and reinvigoration of it In response to uncertainty of the modern world. Ethnic neighborhood Situated in larger metr opolitan city and constructed by a local culture In which local culture can practice its customs Little Haiti in Santa Domingo Hinduism One of oldest religions in modern world, originating in Indus River Valley Doesnt have a single founder, single theology, or agreement on its origins. Buddhism Enlightenment would come through knowledge, no greed, craving, or desire. Complete honesty. Splintered from Hinduism as reaction to tight social hierarchy by Hinduism Caste system Strict social segregation of people tush of ancestry and occupation Indias Hindu society Shintoism Religion located in Japan and tie in to Buddhism Focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship Taoism Religion founded Lao Tsu and based on keep of the Way Proper form of political rule on the oneness of humanity and nature Judaism grow and teachings of Abraham, uniting his people to worship only one god Jews worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews Diaspora Force ful or voluntary dispersal of people from homeland to new place Population dispersal or involuntary relocation Jews during the Holocaust Zionism Movement to unite the Jews of the Diaspora Establish a national homeland for them in the promised land. Sunni Adherents to largest branch of Islam, believe in value of family and community in dissolver of lifes problem Differ from Shiites in accepting the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative. Shiite Also known as Shiahs, represent Persian variation of Islam Believe in infallibility and divine right to authority of descendants of Ali. expedition Voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site Pay respect or participate in a ritual at the site Hajj Hajj Muslim excursion to Mecca Birthplace of Muhammad Authenticity Accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast conveys Otherwise kinetics and complex local culture or its customs Distance decay Effects of distance on interaction Greater the distance the less interaction Mexican would be closer to American than Russian Time-space compression Social and psychological effects of living in a world which t-s convergence has cursorily reached high intensity Associated with work of David Harvey Genocide systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation Planned elimination of a group of people Jews during the Holocaust

Nike and Child Labour

Nike and child boil Nike is a household name when it comes to sports app atomic number 18l and equipment. It has studyed hard to smooth its ambit, especi exclusivelyy by garnering endorsements from big names in the sports world, such as Michael Jordan. But in 1996 its silver image began to tarnish. It knew it was in trouble when an article on child labour in Pakistan appe ared in Life clipping with a picture of a 12-year-old boy sewing a Nike soccer ball in a grinder, and activists started showing up in front of Nike outlets holding posters with the boys picture on it.Although child labour is penal in Pakistan, the impartiality is non enforced and child labour is widespread. The factory in question was non run by Nike, but by a subcontractor or supplier. Nonetheless,Nike was held trustworthy for(p) by many,especially in the US and Canada. angiotensin-converting enzyme immediate result was a ,,Boycott Nike movement, which has continued to monitor and report on Nikes act ions. Nor was the report from Pakistan an isolate incident for Nike. Also in 1996, CBSs 48 Hours reported on functional conditions in Vietnam, featuring Nike and the abuses of workers who made both(prenominal) of Nikes prosucts.Since 1996, Nike has been charged by critics with engaging in a variety of unethical employment practices in countries that coiffe little or no control oer the conditions of labour or whose governments are corrupt and posterior be bought off. For Nike had and continues to bewilder a reputation for producing its products in less developed countries, cognizen for the cheapest labour and the laxest law enforcement, including China, Viet Nam, Bangladesh and Indonesia.At Nikes invitation, the Viet Nam Labour Watch conducted a six-month investigation and its report details discrepancies between what Nike told Ameri discharge customers and what the group itself uncovered. One significant item in the report is the statement that non-Nike shoe factories the gro up visited in Vietnam had better working conditions and paying(a) haigher wages. In 1998 , Nike pledged to make sure its factories adhered to acceptable labour practices and agreed to let labour and human rights groups inspect its facilities.Yet its critics continued to track the company. In 2000, Victoria International Development Education affiliation (VIDEA) in Canada published a book of facts about Nike, which noned among other things that Nike, which paid its 80,000 Indonesian factory workers ten cents an hour,could double their wages at a cost of less than 20,000,000-the amount that Nike paid Michael Jordan for promoting its products. It paid $200 million to sponsor the Brazilian soccer team. VIDEA also claimed that the cost of making one rival of Nike running shoes was approximately $5. 0, although they retail for more than $100 and for as much as $189. The figures by themselves, of course, do not present the whole picture. However, at least on the surface they suggest u sing of labour and a terrible disparity between manufacturing and advertising expenditures. In 2001, Nikes CEO, Philip Knight ,claimed that the companys policy with comply to the employment of child labour was ,,the highest in the world 18 for footwear manufacturing, 16 for apparel and equipment. Nonetheless, he ac agniseledged that there were instances in which the company used contract factories abroad, where the policies had been violated. With respect to the companys violations in Cambodia, violations reported by the BBC, Mr. Knight cited the fact that evidence of age could buy there for as little as $5 and that, following the charge, the company re-examined all employee records there. The reply did not satisfy critics. The acrobatic shoe company has been the optic of a controversy over its responsibility for the mistreatment of the workers who make its shoes.Nike does not actually manufacture any of the athletic shoes it sells. Instead,Nike designs its shoes in Seattle,and t hen pays companies in developing countries (China, Indonesia, India, etc. ) to make the shoes correspond to these designs. These foreign supplier companies acquire directly mistreated and exploited their workers. Nike has claimed that it is not morraly responsible for this mistreatment, because the supplier companies caused the injuries of their employees. Thus, Nike itself did not cause the injuries.Critics have responded that although it is authorized that Nike did not directly cause the injuries, Nike could have continueed those injuries by forcing its suppliers to treat their workers humanely. If it is true that Nike had the power to foresee the injuries, and should have done so, then Nike met the first condition for clean-living responsibility. However, if Nike was truly ineffective to prevent the injuries-if Nike had no control over the actions of its suppliers-then it did not meet the first condition.People are morally responsible for an injury when they failed to pre vent it, only if they ,,should have prevented it. People cannot hold morally responsible for all the injuries they know about and fail to prevent. Each of us is not morally responsible for failing to retain all the members of all the starving groups in the world that we learn about by reading the newspapers, even if we could have saved some of them. If we were morally responsible for all these deaths,then we would all be murderers many times over and this seems wrong.A soulfulness is responsible for failing to prevent an injury only when, for some reason, the person had an obligation to prevent that particular injury. Such an obligation generally requires some sort of special descent to the injury or the injured party. For example, if I know I am the only person near enough to save a dr holding child, and I can do so easily, then m special physical relationship to the child creates in me an obligation to save the child and so I am morally responsible for the childs death if I fai l to prevent it.Or if I am a police officer on duty and see a crime thet I can easily prevent, then, because it is my job to prevent such crimes, I have a specific obligation to prevent this crime and I am morally responsible if I fail to do so. Employers likewise have a special oblgation to prevent work injuries on their employees and so are morally responsible for any foreseen work injuries they could hav prevented. The second requirement for moral responsibility is concerned with the agents knowledge of the relevant aspects in a situation. The person must know what she is doing.If a person is ignorant of the fact that her actions leave injure someone else, then she cannot be morally responsible for that injury. A person whitethorn be ignorant of either the relevant facts the relevant moral standards. I may be sure that bribery is wrong (a moral standard), but may not date that in tipping a customs official I was actually bribing him into cancelling original import fees(a fact ). In contrast, I may be genuinely ignorant that bribing government officials is wrong (a moral standard), altough I know taht in tipping the customs official I am bribing him into reducing the fees I owe (a fact).Ignorance, however, does not always vindicate a person. One exception occurs when a person deliberately stays ignorant of a certain matter to escape responsibility. If Nike managers told their suppliers that they did not want to know what was going on in their factories, they would still be morally responsible for whatever mistreatment went on that they could have prevented. A second exception occurs a person negligently fails to take adequate steps to get information about a matter that has its take importance.A manager is an asbestos company, who has reason to suspect that asbestos may be dangerous, but who, out of laziness, fails to gather information on the matter, cannot plead ignorance as an excuse. The third requirement for moral responsibility The person must act of his own free will. Someone acts of his own free will when the person acts deliberately or purposefully and his actions are not the result of some uncontrollable mental impulse or external force.A person is not morally responsible if he causes injury because he lacked the power, skill, opportunity. Nor is a person morally responsible when physically forced to inflict an injury on someone else. The same when the agent is physically restraint from doing something to prevent the injury, nor when a persons mind is psychologically impaired in a way that prevents her from compulsive her actions. An employee may injure a fellow worker when a machine he thought he knew how to operate suddenly veers out of his control.A manager working under extremely stressful mounts may be so tense that one day he is overcome by rage at a subordinate and genuinely is unable to control his actions toward the subordinate. An engineer who is part of a larger operate committee may be unable to prevent th e other committee members from making a finish that the engineer feels will result in injury to other parties. An assembly-line worker with an un diagnosed malady may last muscle spasms that cause the assembly line to malfunction in a way that inflicts physical injuries on other workers.In all of these cases, the person is not morally responsible for the wrong or the injury, because the person did not choose the action deliberately or purposefully, but was forced to inflict the injury by a mental impairment or some uncontrollable external forces. We can distinguish three types of factors that can lessen a persons moral responsibilityfirst, we should consider circumstances that minimize,but dont completely remove a persons involevement in an act that caused or brought about an injury.This mannequin of circumstances affects the degree to which the person actually caused or helped to cause the injury. An engineer may be sensitive of the unsafe features in somebody elses design,but passively stand by without doing anything about it because ,,thats no my job. In general,the less one is morally responsible for that outcome. Certain circumstances leave a person uncertain, but not altogether unsure about a variety of matters (facts, moral standards, serious-mindedness of the wrongdoing etc. ). This king of circumstances affects the persons knowledge.An office worker who is asked to carry copyrighted information to a competitor might fell fairly sure that doing so is wrong, yet may also have some genuine uncertainty about how serious the matter is. Finally, there are circumstances that make it difficult but not impossible for the person to avoid doing it. This kind of circumstance affects the persons free will. Sometimes, middle managers meet intense pressure or threts or to backing certain health information secret from workers or the public, although it is clearly unethical to do so.If the pressures on managers are great enough, then their responsibility corre spondingly diminishes. The extent to which these three mitigating circumstances can diminish a persons responsibility for a wrongful injury depends on the seriousness of the wrong. Supposing that I have a firm and my employer threatens to fire me unless I sell a used product that I know will kill someone,it would be wrong for me to obey him,even though loss of a job will impose heavy costs on me.