Product Life Cycle Essay Example for Free

Product Life Cycle Essay Definition: Products come and go. A company’s challenge is to hold on to its customers longer than it holds on to its products. It needs to watch the market life cycle and the customer life cycle more than the product life cycle. Someone at Ford realized this: â€Å"If we’re not customer driven, our cars won’t be either.† One selects marketing tools that are appropriate to the stage of the product’s life cycle. For example, advertising and publicity will produce the biggest payoff in the introduction stage of a product; their job is to build consumer awareness and interest. Sales promotions and personal selling grow more important during a product’s maturity stage. Personal selling can strengthen customers’ comprehension of your product’s advantages and their conviction that the offering is worthwhile. Product Development and Life-Cycle Strategies: In the face of changing customer needs, technologies and competition, product innovation or the development of new products has become vital to a companys survival. Introducing new products, however, is not sufficient. The firm must also know how to manage the new product as it goes through its life cycle: that is, from its birth, through growth and maturity, to eventual demise as newer products come along that better serve consumer needs. This product life cycle presents two principal challenges. First, because all products eventually decline, the firm must find new products to replace ageing ones (the problem of new-product development). Second, the firm must understand how its products age and adapt its marketing strategies as products pass through life-cycle stages (the problem of product life-cycle, strategies). We therefore look initially at the problem of finding and developing new products, and then at the challenge of managing them successfully over their life cycles. Innovation and New-Product Development: Given the rapid changes in taste, technology and competition, a company cannot rely solely on its existing products to sustain growth or to maintain  profitability. The firm can hope to maintain market and profit performance only by continuous product innovation. Product innovation encompasses a variety of product development activities product improvement, development of entirely new ones, and extensions that increase the range or number of lines of product the firm can offer. Product innovations are not to be confused with inventions. The latter are a new technology or product which may or may not deliver benefits to customers. An innovation is defined as an idea, product or piece of technology that has been developed and marketed to customers who perceive it as novel or new. We may call it a process of identifying, creating and delivering new-product values or benefits that were not offered before in the marketplace. In this chapter we look specifically at new products as opposed to value creation through marketing actions (such as product/brand repositioning, segmentation of current markets). We also need to distinguish between obtaining new products through acquisition by buying a whole company, a patent or a licence to produce someone elses product and through new-product development in the companys own research and development department. As the costs of developing and introducing major new products have climbed, many large companies have decided to acquire existing brands rather than to create new ones. Other firms have saved money by copying competitors brands or by reviving old brands. These routes can contribute to a firms growth and have both advantages and limitations. In this chapter, we are mainly concerned with how businesses create and market new products. By new products we mean original products, product improvements, pnxhict modifications and new brands that the firm develops through its own research and development efforts. Risks and Returns Jri Innovation Innovation can be very risky for a number of reasons: 1. New-product development is an expensive affair it cost Tate Lyle around  £150 million to develop a new sugar substitute; pharmaceutical firms spend an average of . £100-50 million to develop a new drug; while developing a super-jumbo project could cost billions. 2. New-product development takes time. Although companies can dramatically shorten their development time, in many industries, such as  Pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, aerospace and food, new-product development cycles can be as long as 10-15 years. The uncertainty and unpredictability of market environments further raise the risks of commercialization. Roots had to withdraw Manoplex, a heart drug, less than a year after its launch in the United Kingdom, after a trial on 3,000 patients in the United States and Scandinavia suggested an adverse effect on patient survival. The pharmaeeudeals division lost about  £200 million on the drug, which cost nearly  £100 million to develop over a period of 12 years, and about S20 million was spent on promoting and marketing it. 3. Unexpected delays in development are also a problem. History is littered with grand pioneering engineering projects which have failed to satisfy the original expectations of bankers, investors and politicians. The Seikan rail tunnel, connecting the island of Hokkaido to mainland Japan, was completed 14 years late and billions of pounds over budget; the S10 billion cost of the Channel tunnel, which opened on 6 May ] 994, a year later than originally planned, is more than double the  £4,8 billion forecast in 1987. 4. The new-product success record is not encouraging either. New products continue to fail at a disturbing rate. One recent study estimated that new consumer packaged goods (consisting mostly of line extensions) fail at a rate of 80 per cent. The same high failure rate appears to afflict new financial products and services, such as credit cards, insurance plans and brokerage services. Another study found that about 33 per cent of new industrial products fail at launch. Despite the risks, firms that learn to innovate well become less vulnerable to attacks by new entrants which discover new ways of delivering added values, benefits and solutions to customers problems.

Riordan Manufacturing MRP Evaluation Project Essay -- Information Syst

Overview Scope of the Project Riordan Manufacturing can continue to expand by reducing the inventory cost of raw materials and finished goods. Riordan currently has a legacy MRP Information System (IS) in place, and this project provides an excellent opportunity to upgrade the infrastructure to allow for a more cost-efficient way to track inventory. Goals of the Project Riordan would like to develop or acquire an MRP system that will track and manage raw materials and finished product inventory across all plants to help ensure reduced inventory costs throughout the entire company. Business Objectives The exploratory committee has identified the following as the Business Objectives for this project: • Accurately track and manage raw materials and finished goods • Reduce inventory cost of raw materials and finished goods • Improve MRP infrastructure Measures of Success The following tasks will be performed to measure the success of the project at six (6) months and one (1) year: • An inventory analysis validating the accuracy of tracked inventory • A cost analysis comparing the cost of inventory management to previous reports • Hire an IS analysis firm to analyze the new Riordan MRP system's efficiency Statement of Scope, Objectives, and Constraints Current Needs Riordan Manufacturing needs to reduce the inventory cost of raw materials and finished goods. To reduce these costs, Riordan would like to develop or acquire an MRP system that can accurately track and manage raw materials and finished product inventory across all plants. Objective I am investigating the feasibility of developing or acquiring an MRP/MRPII information system to ensure that Riordan can accurately track and manage raw materials and ... ...w for better tracking of goods, which prevents lost materials. This, in turn, will allow Riordan to reduce the cost of inventory and allow us to gain sales with lower customer prices. The third objective is to improve the MRP infrastructure. Removing the legacy equipment and slow data lines will allow much more inventory to be processed. This will increase productivity throughout all of the plants. Conclusion Riordan Manufacturing will more than recover the expenditures of this IT project within two years of the upgrade. Riordan will experience an increase in sales and a decrease in inventory loss due to accurate and low-cost inventory management. On-going costs will be minimized with an internal IT department handling support and maintenance of the new system. All of the project's objectives have been met, and Riordan's expectations have been fulfilled.

Criminal Justices Ethics Essay

A few months ago, a woman was brutally raped, beaten and left for dead. Since the attack she remains in a coma. This case has risen to national prominence as an example of how today’s youth no longer respects fundamental social values, television and video game violence has desensitized young men to the consequences of crimes such as assault and rape, and as a demonstration of the inability of the police to keep the streets safe for law-abiding citizens. My partner and I work in the criminal justice system as police officers and handle most of the homicide cases in our area. The publicity from this crime has placed our police department under pressure to send someone to trial for this crime immediately. A gang of young men were spotted in the areas where the victim was found assaulting and threatening people that were passing by. Two members of the gang were arrested. The two members are both male and 14 years of age that both have previous records of robbery and assault. Our obligation as police officers is to follow the policy and ethical standards of our police department and the law, which states, minors must be informed of their legal right to have their parents present during the interrogation and to use videotape during important interviews. However, my partner has pushed his ethical obligation aside and interviews both of the minors while deciding not to contact their parents or tape the interrogation. When I confront him about the policy’s that did not take place he tells me not to worry about it that both minors are guilty as sin and we can close the case. His actions are unethical and don’t not follow the policy of prosecuting the guilty, respecting the rights of the accused, and creating a safe community. Ethics is crucial in decisions involving discretion, force, and due process, because criminal justice professionals can be tempted to abuse their powers (Felkins, 1987). I report this to my supervisor only for him to tell me to trust my partner and go to trial. Both suspects are arrested and bound for trial. Bail is denied. I do not feel good about proceeding with this. The organizational culture represented by my supervisor gives the answer to my partners’ behavior. The supervisor plays a large role in defining organizational culture by his actions and leadership. Both my supervisor and my partner have decided to use â€Å"moral relativism† which is the ethical premise â€Å"that decisions about right and wrong are purely personal and subjective and according to it, whatever anyone claims to be morally acceptable is morally acceptable, at least for that person. They have not thought about the consequences of their actions and how they may be beneficial or harmful from the result. In order to do so one must analyze the issues and make judgments by studying the details of the case, identifying the relevant criteria, determining possible course of action, and deciding which action is most ethical. I will choose to detach myself from the case. I cannot afford to lose my job by not following the legal or ethical standards. Laws have penalties when cases are violated and these penalties can be very severe if you violate legal norms. I believe that both my partner and supervisor have violated legal norms as well as ethical standards. References Felkenes, G. (1987). â€Å"Ethics in the Graduate Criminal Justice Curriculum.† Teaching Philosophy 10(1): 23–26. Ruggiero, V. R. (2008). Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues (Seventh ed.). New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.

Police Discretion Essay - 2798 Words

Police Discretion April 20th , 2008 One aspect of the criminal justice system that has been debated for many years is that of police discretion. Police discretion is defined as the ability of a police officer, a prosecutor, a judge, and a jury to exercise a degree of personal decision making in deciding who is going to be charged or punished for a crime and how they are going to be punished. This basically is saying that there are situations when these law enforcement officers have to use their own personal beliefs and make choices coming from their own morals and ethics. The subject of police discretion was discovered in 1956 by the American Bar Foundation and has been an important problem in criminal justice since that time. When it†¦show more content†¦You should be able to know from experience and what you have learned so far to make the correct decisions in situations. The fourth form of discretion is discretion as liberty. This states that Discretion is not where the law ends, nor is it the same as intel lectually deriving principles from rules. Its about permission to act as a free and equal agent, and using that permission in extending the rights and duties of office (under color of law) toward a vision of liberty, inalienable rights, and the kinds of things that no majority, rule, or principle can ever take away (Kleinig 1996). This form appeals more to the rights of people and to being free. This form is trying to say to make decisions keeping in mind that you are a free person and that you are equal to every other human being. The fifth and final form is discretion as license. This form states that Discretion is the opposite of standard expectations. Its the privilege to go against the rules, disobey your superiors, be less than optimal or perfect all the time, all without degenerating the rules or eroding the trust between you, your superiors, or the public. License (not licentiousness) involves a sense of accountability that does not have to be formally recognized or structur al (Kleinig 1996). This form is one that I think is the most confusing for some people but is one that has truth to it. It’s basically stating that police have the privilege to goShow MoreRelatedPolice Discretion1244 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Police Discretion Jocelyn Golphin University of the District of Columbia Criminal Justice System 2/21/2014 Golphin 2 Police discretion is a very important approach in matters concerning criminal justice. There has been a consistent problem between enforcing the law and the spirit of the law. Discretion in the broader sense can be defined as the individual’s ability to make a decision basing on the principle of courses of the action. During trainingRead MorePolice Discretion1050 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Discretion Police discretion is the ability to choose a course of action because of broad limits of power. It refers to the autonomy an officer has in choosing an appropriate course of action (The Police In America, 113). It includes authority to decide which of the various means of helping the helpless, maintaining order, and keeping the peace are best suited to particular circumstances (www.worldandi.com/specialreport/1989/january/Sa15878.htm). The police need to have discretionRead MorePolice Discretion1548 Words   |  7 PagesPolice Discretion David Gonzalez University of Phoenix Introduction to Policing CJA/370 Professor John W. Feltgen June 23, 2005 Abstract In this paper I will discuss police discretion and the use of these discretionary powers in the law enforcement workplace. I will explore the mythical aspects of police discretionary powers and the source of this myth. I will further discuss the control of discretionary authority. I will name instances of law enforcement officials using their discretionary powersRead MorePolice Abuse Of Discretion And Discretion2015 Words   |  9 Pages Police Abuse of Discretion William Powell Jr. American Military University Professor Robert Arruda CMRJ303 Criminology January 17, 2014 Abstract Utilizing the research from several sources and personal experience, this paper will discuss police abuse of discretion. The paper will begin by defining discretion. The paper will examine several types of discretion variables. The paper will discuss its use in the field and office settings. The paper will discussRead MorePolice Discretion1418 Words   |  6 PagesPolice discretion by definition is the power to make decisions of policy and practice. Police have the choice to enforce certain laws and how they will be enforced. Some law is always or almost always enforced, some is never or almost never enforced, and some is sometimes enforced and sometimes not (Davis, p.1). Similarly with discretion is that the law may not cover every situation a police officer encounters, so they must use their discretion wisely. Until 1956, people thought of police discretionRead MoreDefinition Of Discretion And Police Discretion2054 Words   |  9 PagesThe term discretion has several meanings the liberty to decide what should be done in a specific circumstance is one general universal definition. But when dealing with criminal justice and police work the description changes a bit. The criminal justice definition of discretion is Police discretion discusses the authority given to a police officer that allows him or her to decide how to best handle a certain situation. This is designed at increasing the flexibility of the criminal justice systemRead MorePolice Discretion2131 Words   |  9 PagesDiscretion is defined as the authority to make a decision between two or more choices (Pollock, 2010). More specifically, it is defined as â€Å"the capacity to identify and to document criminal and noncriminal events† (Boivin ump; Cordeau, 2011). Every police officer has a great deal of discretion concerning when to use their authority, power, persuasion, or force. Depending on how an officer sees their duty to society will determine an officer’s discretion. Discre tion leads to selective enforcementRead MorePolice Discretion2677 Words   |  11 PagesFrom a criminological perspective discretion can be defined as the authority granted by law to agencies and officials to act on their own considered judgement and conscience in certain situations; and each area of the legal system (judges, parliament and law enforcement) has its own discretion. Police discretion is the ability granted by the legal system to police offices, in certain situations, to act in a manner that allows authorities to make responsible decisions and individual choices or judgmentsRead MoreEssay on Police Discretion1425 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Discretion Discretion, uncertainly, and inefficiently are rampant and essential in criminal justice. Nobody expects perfection. That would neither be good nor fair. Justice is a sporting event in which playing fair is more important than winning. Law enactment, enforcement, and administration all involve trading off the possibility of perfect outcomes for security against the worst outcomes. Policing is the most visible part of this: employees on the bottom have more discretion thanRead MoreDisadvantages Of Police Discretion835 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 2 Discretion can be defined as the availability of choice of options or actions. We all use discretion each and every day with all the decisions we make in our day to day lives. With that being said police also use discretion but theirs have the ability to change people’s lives on the daily basis. They have to make those decisions each and every day not knowing how it will affect the person’s life. Discretion is something that is a very necessary part of police work. One of the reason

Approach to Persuasion Essay example - 1346 Words

Embracing an individual’s point of view by means of reasoning, argument or entreaty is an act of persuasion. An individual is regularly confronted by persuasion throughout their everyday life. It takes place in various situations that are categorized in three sections, the appeal to emotion, the appeal to reason, and the appeal to one’s character. Furthermore, this leads to an influential aspect. It is from one’s characteristic to be influenced by persuasion, thus, to be overlooked by outside sources. This is not only found as a human speaks, but persuasion is the aim of advertisements, and political candidates who are trying to sway voters to vote for them. Since Ancient times, persuasive techniques have been observed and studied but due†¦show more content†¦Persuasion appears various forms. In life, the world often offers and persuades negative and positive examples using ethos, pathos and logo. Many advertisements advertise harmful and others advertis e substances and people tend to respond variously towards persuasion. Some believe they are immune to persuasion, yet persuasion can be subtle. How an individual responds to persuasion can depend on a variety of factors. The main factor implies on the audience themselves. In order to persuade, one must analyze the audience. The audience may appear differently; there are supportive audiences whom begin with support, there are uncommitted audiences whom are neutral, there are also indifferent audiences whom need the persuader to grab their attention, and there is also the opposed audience. The opposed audience are the hardest to convince; they are against the persuader from the start. The same techniques of Pathos, Ethos, and Logos apply, but with the use of different extents. Motivation is a necessary method for persuasion. Motivation acts as an incentive for the audience to act or behave in a certain way. This method causes an individual to act the way they act, and do the things they do, moreover, refuse doing the things they do not want to. Motivation acts as a guide in an individual’s life. In many scenarios, one’s motivation is fear. The fear may be of losing a need, or desire, thus, resulting with an outcome or reward that does notShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Cialdini s Principles Of Persuasion973 Words   |  4 Pages1 Generally speaking, it is a human nature to adapt to different conditions and manipulate different circumstances for their own benefit. Persuasion is one of the techniques people have been using, modifying, and manipulating to get what they want and reach their goals. According to McLean (2010), Persuasion is an act or process of presenting arguments to move, motivate, or change your audience (p.535). While many factors like the environment, cultural backgrounds, and the receivers needs mayRead MoreThe concept of public relations varies amongst scholars with different perspectives, and it900 Words   |  4 Pagespractice; sometimes they have a negative connotation in their meaning. In this paper, we will refer to the concepts of persuasion, as the process of convincing an audience to believe; power, as a strength or ability to act effectively and superior to others; and resources, as a source of aid or supply. With this in mind, the focus of this entry is to explain how the concepts of persuasion, power and resources facilitate dialogue, and similarly, how they are related to Grunig’s symmetrical communicationRead MoreWhat Are The 3 Most Important Reasons For Study Principles Of Persuasion?894 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are the 3 most important reasons to study principles of persuasion? The first reason it is important to study persuasion is to adapt to the technological age. In this age of technology as stated in Persuasion in Today’s World the author examines persuasion and why it is important that we train ourselves to become responsible receivers of persuasion. (Larson, pg. 5) He does this by first explaining that the average American is exposed to over 5000 persuasive messages a day. It is important toRead MoreThe Theories Of Attitude Change927 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as persuasive messages, cognitive dissonance, emotion (Petty et. al, 1984; Petty, Wegner, n.d; Hastings et al, 2004). Persuasion Persuasion is described as the â€Å"presentation† of persuasive material (Petty Cacioppo, 1984). In order to understand persuasion influences on attitude change, analyzing the cognitive process is essential. This cognitive process of persuasion can be studied through the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), which is a model that discusses ways in which persuasive materialsRead MoreThe Use Of Consulting Technique Within The Social Approach916 Words   |  4 Pageseducators, parents, politicians to name a few use these methods. Within my research the common ground is that persuasion is in the moment and influence is invested pursuit. Influence diverts from behavior, and actions. Influences can conspirer through words and modeling. With the utilization of influence techniques, such as, social approach, rational approach and emotional approach. As an educational leader you should influence your staff and students to work at their best. When teachersRead MorePersuasion Theory is Using Messages to Influence Others1346 Words   |  5 PagesRecreation Management and Persuasion Theory The process of using messages to influence others is called Persuasion. It usually involves communication skills and the exchange of diverse information content, but the main goal is for the persuader to influence the receiver mindset or actions. Some studies about persuasion theories describe unique, technical meanings different from everyday terms (Simons, 1976). Those definitions can be used to design more effective ways to convey a message toward theRead MoreThe Importance Of Ethical Behavior And It s Significance969 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Ethical Behavior and it’s Significance in Persuasion Ethical behavior is significant to the development of persuasion, and important to the behavior of humans.It also influences persuasion by developing the progression of persuasion, and increasing those who are accountable for it. A person’s ethical behavior originates with morals and changes into what way an individual is required to connect to encourage effectively and dependably and finishes with who obligation it is toRead MoreLogos, Pathos, And Ethos930 Words   |  4 Pagesthree options of persuasion effectively and discretely; however, it is evident that out of the three ways of persuasion, the candidates used ‘pathos’ because of the content they were providing. It was apparent that Bill Clinton was more prepared to display forms of persuasion than George H.W. Bush was because Clinton had prior experience dealing with lower income people. In the upcoming paragraphs, I will explain and analyze how each candidate made use of the three forms of persuasion : logos, pathosRead MoreExamples Of Conformity In Social Psychology1342 Words   |  6 Pagesthoughts come to mind when thinking about persuasion, but, persuasion can also be positive. There are times when persuasion is used to help people improve their lives. More importantly, when a decision to be made depends on the well-being of an individual, the power of persuasion to change attitudes is vital. The film 12 Angry Man highlights the two routes to persuasion: Central and peripheral. According to Myers et al. (2015) central route to persuasion involves a thoughtful reflection of the argumentsRead MoreThe Importance Of Persuasion1249 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough often unresisted and unintentional, rhetoric and persuasion still inundate and influence contemporary society. Persuasion can be evident in numerous forms, like television, radio, art, speeches, and daily conversations. Also, Aristotle originally proclaimed that persuasion is an essential characteristic of productive lea ders. Therefore, the use of rhetoric is necessary for people of power because â€Å"Rhetoric is the art of influence, friendship, and eloquence, of ready wit and irrefutable logic†

Leonardo Da Vinci A Man of Many Things Essay - 1093 Words

Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the greatest minds of his time. Most will remember him for his many masterpieces including The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Vitruvian Man. But he did more than just draw works of art; he was also an inventor and a mathematician who studied a large variety of subjects. Leonardo’s life is more fascinating than any one man could imagine. He may be dead, but his work still lives on. Leonardo Da Vinci was born on Saturday April 19, 1452, just outside the small village of Vinci, in Italy’s Tuscany region (Kalz 20). He was born from a peasant woman named Caterina and fathered by a lawyer with the name of Ser Piero Da Vinci. His parents were not married (Macdonald 5). When Leonardo was a one year old his†¦show more content†¦Leonardo traveled to Florence in search of a new income and found Michelangelo Buonarroti as a rival in fame (Kalz 28-30). This rivalry between Leonardo and Michelangelo would create the most famous paining in the world. The Mona Lisa was inspired by Lisa Gherardini Del Giocondo (Vezzosi 125). Leonardo started the portrait in 1503, at the age of fifty-one (Kalz 31). The techniques he used for The Mona Lisa, came from the Renaissance period and are sfumato and chiaroscuro (Kalz 32). Dictionary.com defines sfumato as the subtle and minute gradation of tone and color used to blur or veil the contours of a form in painting, and chiaroscuro as the use of deep variations in and subtle gradations of light and shade, especially to enhance the delineation of character and for general dramatic effect. The Mona Lisa is 30 by 20-7/8 inches (77x53 cm) (Kalz 32). Leonardo finished The Mona Lisa in 1506 (Macdonald 7). The Mona Lisa is an inspiration to artists and painters of all ages in life and a truly magnificent sight to all that seen it. The Mona Lisa has a great detail of grace, beauty, style and harmony in her face like no other and makes for a great picture that will never be forgotten. Though art w as one Leonardo’s greatest skills, he had much more to offer to this world, such as math, writing, engineering, architecture, and science. Leonardo painted with both hands but wrote left-handed (Kalz 24). As a writer, LeonardoShow MoreRelatedThe Quintessential Renaissance Man1083 Words   |  5 PagesRenaissance Man Imagine Italy from the 14th to the 17th century. This time period is known as the Renaissance. In the time of the Renaissance there were many great minds, but one in particular stood out from the rest. This man was a writer, a mathematician, an inventor, and a world renowned artist. This man was Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo da Vinci, by definition, is the quintessential Renaissance man. Leonardo da Vinci was â€Å"born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy† (â€Å"Leonardo†) â€Å"Leonardo was bornRead MoreThe Great Artists And Inventors During The 15th And 16th Century1263 Words   |  6 PagesRoz May 5, 2015 There have been many great artists and inventors during the 15th and 16th century, but none of them are not as great or as known as Leonardo Da Vinci. Leonardo Da Vinci’s intelligence allowed him to create and invent things that none of the other inventors could make or even think of. Da Vinci painted some of the most magnificent and priceless paintings such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Da Vinci was also an inventor; he would write down all of his ideasRead MoreThe Greatness Of Leonardo Da Vinci Essay910 Words   |  4 Pages The Greatness of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci is known as one of the greatest artiest and scientist of our time. He was a famous artist, architect, musician and scientist. He was one of the first to take a scientific style towards understanding how our world works and how we see it. While critically influenced by the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans, Leonardo, unlike many of his colleagues, saw the limitations of seeking the truth solely in those writings or the Bible (Leonardo’sRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : The Renaissance951 Words   |  4 Pageshumanism was encouraged, there were countless Renaissance men. One astounding and well recognized man was Leonardo da Vinci, he had many aptitudes and talents that portrayed him to be an astonishing artist of the Renaissance time period. Leonardo da Vinci, Influenced many during the Renaissance, due to his great art, anatomy, science literature. As demonstrated by the achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, the Renaissance was a time of great change. The Renaissance was a time period in the European historyRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci s The Last Supper And Mona Lisa1030 Words   |  5 Pagescom, the article about the writer, mathematician, inventor, and artist Leonardo da Vinci states that, â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci was a leading artist ad intellectual of the Italian Renaissance who’s known for his enduring works â€Å"The Last Supper† and â€Å"Mona Lisa† †. Leonardo da Vinci was born in Vinci, Italy on April 15, 1452. He was born out of wedlock being raised by his father Ser Piero along with his stepmothers. Leonardo da Vinci was into the laws of science and nature, which played a major role withRead MoreThe Last Supper : A Painting Painted Leonardo Da Vinci1569 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 2015 The Last Supper The Last Supper is a mural painted Leonardo da Vinci. He was considered a â€Å"Renaissance Man.† Leonard da Vinci was born in 1452 in a village a few miles from Vinci, Italy. His father, Piero da Vinci was a Florentine notary and his mother was believed to be a peasant woman named Caterina. Leonardo da Vinci did not have much formal training outside of reading, writing, and math. At the age of 14, Leonardo da Vinci became an apprentice to the artist Verrocchio. He learnedRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : A Renaissance Man1112 Words   |  5 PagesLeonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and military engineer which is the perfect example of a â€Å"Renaissance man.† With a curious mind, da Vinci studied the laws of science and nature, which greatly informed his work. His ideas and body of work have influenced countless artists and made da Vinci a great influence of the Italian Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, near the village of Vinci about 25 miles west of Florence. He was the illegitimate sonRead More Leonardo Da Vinci Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci A Renaissance man in Renaissance times, Leonardo Da Vinci frequently defied a simple description. As a scientist, inventor, artist, and so much more, Leonardo Da Vinci’s works continue to impact our lives even now. Born on April 15th, 1452 in Anchiano (now a part of Italy), Leonardo came into a world on the brink of change. The Italian renaissance was sweeping through the peninsula during Da Vinci’s lifetime and he would soon come to be one of its foremost figures. WhileRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : The Leading Renascence Man Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesTimothy Long Professor Sharoff Western Civilization 12/14/15 Leonardo Da Vinci: The leading Renascence Man Known as one of the smartest men of his time and one of the most well-known human beings in history having excelled in all fields in human talents as he was very multi-talented which is correct as he was one of the most talented people ever to live and was even called the universal genius. His talents and curiosity included engineering, anatomy, literature, geology, mathematics, paintingRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : The Most Famous For His Art1448 Words   |  6 Pages3/29/16 Leonardo Da Vinci When hearing the name Leonardo da Vinci, what comes to mind? For many people it will be his artwork. This is because of all of the accomplishments da Vinci has, he is most famous for his art. What many people don’t know was that he was also a scientist, inventor, and philosopher. Da Vinci lived in a time period known as the Renaissance. This was a time of knowledge and enlightenment, and it gave birth to many of the world’s most talented and educated people. Leonardo da Vinci

Turnover Rates and Organizational Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Turnover Rates and Organizational Performance. Answer: Introduction: In any workplace, motivating the employees has become integral part of the management. Work managers must motivate employees to retain them and sustain the fierce competition. The human resource managers must focus on enhancing the employees performance and identify different motivating techniques. I will help gain the competitive advantage and achieve the organisational goals. In this situation, the leaders play an important role as they increase self-esteem of employees and promote their growth opportunities (Lazaroiu 2015). Considering the importance of the employee motivation and enhanced performance in an organisation, the essay aims to critique a research article, discuss the strength and weakness of the information provided. The discussion is supported with relevant literature pertaining to the area. The article chosen for this purpose is, The Effect of the Motivation Techniques Used by Managers to Increase the Productivity of their Workers and an Application by Guclu and Gune y (2017). In the article by Guclu and Guney (2017), a clear research question is presented to the readers. The research question is to determine the employees perception on use of motivation tool by manager for performance improvement in the work place. The thesis statement in regards to the research question is the effect of the motivation techniques used by managers to increase the productivity of their workers. The author supported the significance of the research by highlighting the needs of enhancing the skills and talents of the employees. From the literature review, it was evident that motivation by mangers evoked the hidden potential and power of the employees (Lazaroiu 2015). The importance of the research question formulated by the author is also realised by the emphasise laid on the maximisation of manpower efficiency in an organisation through motivation. The discussion on different motivation techniques to promote manpower efficiency also indicates that the research question is ju stified. In this research article, the author has well documented the supporting literature. The evidences provided are of high quality as it pertains to thesis statement and narrows down to the research question formulated. The research question is built based on the existing literature and the author had encompassed both old and the recent studies. It clearly indicates that the researcher has performed a thorough research on this subject. Starting from the broad perspective on the topic the author has presented the narrowed view on that is on managerial behaviour for employee motivation. However, some limitations could be observed in formulation of the research questions. It includes lack of presenting the literature gaps. The importance of the study would have been more prominent if the gaps of the previous researches were identified. Inspite of this limitation, a deep insight of relationship between the motivation and employees enhanced performance is expected from this study. F or a manager to successfully motivate the workers, it is important to have good relationship with the employees. The key determining factor in the employee motivation in any organisation is the managers and employees relationship (Cherian and Jacob 2013). Application of the self-efficacy theory, increase in career opportunities for the employees plays a key role in successful motivation of the employees and increasing their work related performance. The thesis statement presented by Guclu and Guney (2017) indicates that the research being conducted greatly focuses on the various motivation techniques. It is critical that the study evaluates the impact of these motivation techniques on the employees performance when used by the managers. The instrument used for addressing the research question was survey questionnaire. The survey was conducted for employees of a textile industry. Demographic details were to be obtained from the first section of the questionnaire. The second part of the questionnaire is designed to determine the employees perception on the use of different motivation tools. The author has performed statistical analysis for ensuring the validity of collected data. The study calculated descriptive statistics related to the frequency variance and safety analysis as per Cronbachs Alfa values. Further, statistical significance of the data is also calculated that will maximise the data validity. As the confounding varia bles were considered, it adds to strength of the study. Confounding variables when taken into consideration the chance of bias can be eliminated (Westfall and Yarkoni 2016). It will make the results more reliable. Appropriate sampling method is other important factor to enhance the validity of the data collected. However, the drawback of the study is that Guclu and Guney (2017) did not mention any details on the sampling method. It was found from the article that large sample size was not considered. Usually, surveys are meant to collect data from large population, as it is a quick process unlike qualitative interview. In order to gain employees perspective, it is effective to consider large sample size. In similar study by Fiaz et al. (2017), stratified sampling method was adopted, to determine the effect of different leadership style on employee motivation. The advantage of this sampling method is that it proportionately represents all the groups of participating members. Further, this method is advantageous in selecting best sample and represents the entire population while reducing bias in selection (Robinson 2014). The result findings of any study indicate the success of research. The relevance of the research results to the research question determines the use of data in any organisation for improvement in employee performance. In the study by Guclu and Guney (2017), the tabulated charts of statistical data are the strength of the research. The efficacy of various psychosocial, economic, management and organizational tools that have been used for enhancing the employee performance is indicated by the clear statistical data. It clearly indicates how these motivating techniques improve the employee efficiency. The results detailed the impact of the motivation on the textile industrys work force in terms of monthly salary, assignment status, education, and tenure in office. These factors are important to be considered as they determine motivation of an employee (Dobre 2013). The salary withdrawn and the scope of incentive mark an employees performance and contribution to the productivity. Similar ly, educational opportunities may contribute to motivation as it increases career choices. Therefore, these factors have an impact on the motivation. These data is crucial as it gives a hint on the employees idea of staying or leaving a job or level of motivation to move to higher hierarchical level in an organisation (Park and Shaw 2013). These data of the chosen study is consistent with the similar study undertaken by Bastons et al. (2017). This study determined that the workforces motivation is dependent on the internal factors such as job security and job satisfaction as well as external factors such as salary. Based on the analysis, I would like to present my viewpoint on the article that was critiqued. In spite of few contradictory points, I agree with many aspects of the research data. I think that it was justified enough for Guclu and Guney (2017) to emphasise on the efficiency of employees as it directly impacts the productivity. The statistically significant data pertaining to the different motivational tools used by manger for employee motivation implicates different organisations to put these tools into use to promote productivity. The factors mentioned in the study in regards to employees opinion of motivation appear to be valid. I favour the authors viewpoint of education as parameter to motivate people. Yes, it is valid because a worker with high educational status will perceive the efforts of motivation in a more conscious manner, when compared to those with low educational attainment. This parameter was also considered in other study by Malik, Butt, and Choi, (2015). This study showed that the employees self-efficacy is reflected by the education and work experience. Such attribute also influence the behaviour towards the intrinsic and extrinsic benefits in the organisation. The results pertaining to effects of motivation tools on different income group appears to be convincing. The members of the low-income group showed greater influence of psychosocial motivation tool on them. The influence was however, low on the members of high and middle-income group. It means psychological support for low earning members is effective technique boost morale and enthusiasm. Further, as a reviewer I would like to add that the leadership qualities and the personality of the motivator also matters in enhancing employee performance (Barrick, Mount, and Li 2013). For instance, famous personalities like Alan Joyce, the CEO of Qantas airways have been inspirational to many different organisations. His vibrant personality and leadership qualities improved employment engagement drastically (Sarina and Lansbury 2013). Therefore, managers personality can be also a source of motivation. The study by Lounsbury et al. (2016) evaluated Five personality traits and high scoring were openness, conscientiousness, customer service orientation, emotional stability, and openness. According to Pinder (2014), extrovert personalities can intrinsically motivate employees. This variable should have been considered in the chosen research article as a part of survey questionnaire. The research article by Guclu and Guney (2017) was critically analysed in the essay. It gave deep insights of impact of motivation tools on employee performance and productivity. The study results have many positive implications. Managers reading this article can apply the idea of motivation by considering the education and income status of the workforce. The results would be more interesting if the managers personality traits are also considered in survey. It is thus, recommended for future research as motivation process is influenced by the personality of the motivators. Overall, the essay has deepened the knowledge pertaining to effect of different motivation techniques on employees. Reference Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K. and Li, N., 2013. The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics.Academy of management review,38(1), pp.132-153. Bastons, M., Mas, M. Rey, C. 2017, "Pro-stakeholders motivation: Uncovering a new source of motivation for business companies",Journal of Management and Organization,vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 621-632. Cherian, J. and Jacob, J., 2013. Impact of self efficacy on motivation and performance of employees.International Journal of Business and Management,8(14), p.80. Dobre, O.I., 2013. Employee motivation and organizational performance.Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research,5(1), pp.53-60. Fiaz, M., Su, Q., Ikram, A. 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